The essence of the Theory of Three Ranks - раздел Образование, THEORETICAL GRAMMAR Ranks
Word
Pri...
Ranks
Word
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Essence
The main word in an expression
A word that directly defines a primary word
A word that subordinates to a secondary word
Patterns
A dog
A barking dog
A furiously barking dog
BUT morphological classification, syntactic function and theory of three tanks used together bred some confusion.
For example:
In the expression a dinner table the word table is regarded as a primary word.
Though in an expression a table lamp the word table becomes a secondary word.
3. Charls Freez (19th-20th century), an American linguist
The Structure of English
The main principle of classification:
Position of a word in a sentence (Syntactic Function) can indicate a Part of Speech.
In English there are three main positions – of the Subject (1), of the Predicate (2) and of the Object (3).
Three types of pseudo sentences:
1. Woggles ugged diggles. First words are subjects; consequently their property is to
2. Uggs woggled diggs. present objects or things. Second words are predicates;
3. Woggs diggled uggles. they indicate actions. Third words are objects; they
indicate things or objects of an action.
Three test frames to test and explain his classification:
1. The concert was good (always).
2. The clerk remembered the task (suddenly).
3. He went there.
Limited by the frames he defines main positions that are characteristic for English. In each frame he uses the Method of Substitution. He affirms that all the words that can be put in a definite syntactic position present/form a certain positional class of words.
Due to the method of substitution he singled out four positional classes of words and fifteen groups of function words.
BUT the research had led to a certain confusion – the same very word could be included into several classes.
4. Lev Scherba (1880-1944), a Russian (Soviet) linguist,
a head of the Leningrad Phonological School
Explicitly formulated three principles of classification of lexical-grammatical classes
Three principles of classification:
1) Lexical Meaning (lexical meanings of words allow to analyze a common property of a class of words and thus to single out generalized Grammar Meaning, for example, the one of the Noun, of the Adjective, etc.);
2) Morphological Form (each part of speech has a common way of word-building and changing);
3) Syntactic Function (each pert of speech can take an appropriate position in a sentence).
I Introductory to the theoretical study of the English Language Grammar... The Subject of Theoretical... Kinds of Theoretical Grammar...
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The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
Theoretical Grammaris a section of linguistics that studies grammar system of language.
Grammar system of language refers to the whole complex of conformitie
Kinds of Theoretical Grammar
To explain and interpreter a phenomenon means to reveal and understand its nature. Kinds of Theoretical Grammar are defined by different approaches to the problem of How to interpret lang
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations.
As for the structure Theoretical Grammar can be stipulated by syntagmatic (distributive) or paradigmatic (transformative) relations.
Grammatical categories.
To the main notions in the study of Theoretical Grammar the following ones are included: grammatical category; grammatical form and grammatical meaning.
Grammatical Meaning d
The notions of the Word and the Morpheme
The word morphology is based on the two Greek words morpheme and logos.
Morpheme means form.
Logos was regarded as one of
Kinds of Morphemes
Kinds of Morphemes
Root
Affix (prefix, suffix)
Inflective
Principles of subdivision of parts of speech
The whole structure of Language is divided into lexical-grammatical classes or parts of speech.
Different linguistic schools ground different ways of lexical-grammatical cl
Classification of parts of speech
The biggest subdivision of parts of speech are the ones of Categorematic words (знаменательные слова) and Syntacategorematic/syntactic words (служебные слова). The
Theory of the field structure of the word.
Theory of the Morphological Field:
In a group of words there are ones which have all indications (signs) of a definite morphological part of speech; there are also words whic
The problem of the Gender of the English Noun.
The gender of an object, thing or phenomenon is expressed with lexical, but not grammatical, means (boy – girl, man – woman, bull – caw; he-goat – she-goat; star – it; window – it, ship – it/she, e
The category of the Number.
1. The category of the Number is based on the opposition of singularity and plurality.
For example:
parent – parents, tree –trees, man –men, life – l
The category of Case.
The Case
refers to the relations of an object/thing/phenomenon (which is denoted by a noun) to other objects, actions and signs, on the one hand, and
Functions and significance of the Article.
Functionally there are two forms of the Article – definite and indefinite. The forms are not changed. Though they have definite phonetic versions/the versions in pronunciation (drawing 4.1):
Functions and significance of the Article
There are three general functions of the Article: morphological, syntactic and semantic.
1). Morphological function of the Article.
Article is the main formal material morp
Grammatical Meaning of the Verb
The Verb refers to the Categorematic parts of speech:
it has lexical meaning and can take a definite syntactic position and serve some functions of a member of a sentence.
Semantic Classification
There are three main subclassifications that are based on the Principle of Meaning, both Lexical and Grammatical (tab. 5.2).
Table 5.2
Scheme of the 1
I Categories of the Finite Verbs
The Voice (Active, Passive): expresses relations of an action, its agent and object (an agent does an action (the Active Voice); an action is done over the agent or at the objec
Functions and Significance of the Non-Finite Forms
As for the morphological form there is a subdivision. They are said to be Simple Non-Finite forms and Analytical Non-Finite Forms.
Two morphological forms of the Non-F
Classification of Word-combinations
General Classification. All word-combinations (WC) can be divided into two general groups on the ground of:
4) Principle of Form (inner structure, grammatical morphological r
PRACTICE I
Task 1: join the given language elements thus to form sуntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between or among them.
Has been cleaning, meaning, an, has been peeled, bea
TEST I (S)
The task:match an item from the left column with its explanation given in the right one.
The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
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