I Categories of the Finite Verbs - раздел Образование, THEORETICAL GRAMMAR The Voice (Active, Passive): Expresses Relations Of An Action, I...
The Voice (Active, Passive): expresses relations of an action, its agent and object (an agent does an action (the Active Voice); an action is done over the agent or at the object (the Passive Voice)).
For example:
A carpenter made a table (AV). The table is made of silver (PV)
The Mood (Indicative (expresses a statement), Subjunctive/Conditional (expresses a condition), Imperative (expresses an order)).
For example:
Struggle for study enables you to develop (Indicative Mood). You can develop (IM).
If you had warned him beforehand, he would not had made that stupid mistake (Conditional Mood). May you be happy together (Subjunctive Mood). I wish you were here (SM).
Behave yourself, or else! (Imperative Mood) Don’t ask such ridiculous questions! (IM)
The Person (a defective category): expresses the relations of a verb and a concrete Person. The formal index (the suffix -s/-es) has been still kept only to express the relations of a verb and the 3rd Person Singular in the Present Tenses.
For example:
She has been living here for ages (BUT I have been…). He lives happily (BUT We live happily)
The Number (a defective category): expresses the relations of a verb and the Singular Number of the 3rd Person in the Present Tenses. The formal index is the suffix -s/-es.
For example: look #3
The verb be also changes its forms in accordance with the Number in Present and Past
Tenses.
For example:
He/she is the best driver I’ve ever met. You/we/they are the best drivers… I am the best driver…
He/she/it/I was there last year. You/we/they were there last year.
The Kind/the Aspect: specifies a character of action in the elapsed time (expresses a form of committing an action without being named in the word but completing the Lexical Meaning of it).
There are the Perfective Aspect and the Imperfective Aspect.
Grammatically Limited (Transitive) verbs refer to the Perfective Aspect and Unlimited (Intransitive) verbs – to the Imperfective Aspect.
For example, the following verbs refer to:
a) the Perfective Aspect: to become (famous), to catch (a ball), to find (the key)
b) the Imperfective Aspect: to walk, to sleep, to come, etc. She slept, then walked and finally came.
The Time (Tenses) is the leading category and makes the Aspect/the Kind subordinate. The category of Tense expresses relation of an action to a moment of speech (a point of correlation of the Tense-forms). An action can:
1) Coincide with the moment of speech (Present Time/Tenses);
2) Precede the moment of speech (Past Time/Tenses);
3) Be thought as a planned, arranged, supposed after the moment of speech action (Future Time/Tenses)
The Aspect of Grammar Time. In each kind of Time the verb can take the form of an appropriate Aspect:
1) Indefinite (usually done). The Aspect can express:
a) a definite finished action
For example:
I met him yesterday.
b) a number of actions in a sequence
For example:
She gets up, washes, dresses and drinks her coffee at 8 every morning.
c) not finished action, the attention is concentrated at the fact that the action happened
For example:
She drank coffee noisily.
2) Continuous (in longevity/duration at the moment of speech). The Aspect emphasizes the significance of the very process and its temporality, duration.
For example:
She was working when you phoned. She is sleeping now, be quiet. We will be flying to Paris on the fifth of October.
3) Perfect (completed by the moment of speech);The Aspect expresses the completeness of an action and usually emphasizes the result of it.
For example:
She will have graduated from university by the summer, 2010. Look at her! She has cut her hair short!
4) Perfect Continuous (having been in certain duration up to the moment of speech).The Aspect express the completeness of unrolling an action and emphasizes its longevity.
For example:
We had been listening to him for ages before he finally stopped. You have been doing odds jobs since the morning.
The collision of Time and Aspect results in Grammatical Tense (12 in number).
I Introductory to the theoretical study of the English Language Grammar... The Subject of Theoretical... Kinds of Theoretical Grammar...
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I Categories of the Finite Verbs
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The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
Theoretical Grammaris a section of linguistics that studies grammar system of language.
Grammar system of language refers to the whole complex of conformitie
Kinds of Theoretical Grammar
To explain and interpreter a phenomenon means to reveal and understand its nature. Kinds of Theoretical Grammar are defined by different approaches to the problem of How to interpret lang
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations.
As for the structure Theoretical Grammar can be stipulated by syntagmatic (distributive) or paradigmatic (transformative) relations.
Grammatical categories.
To the main notions in the study of Theoretical Grammar the following ones are included: grammatical category; grammatical form and grammatical meaning.
Grammatical Meaning d
The notions of the Word and the Morpheme
The word morphology is based on the two Greek words morpheme and logos.
Morpheme means form.
Logos was regarded as one of
Kinds of Morphemes
Kinds of Morphemes
Root
Affix (prefix, suffix)
Inflective
Principles of subdivision of parts of speech
The whole structure of Language is divided into lexical-grammatical classes or parts of speech.
Different linguistic schools ground different ways of lexical-grammatical cl
Classification of parts of speech
The biggest subdivision of parts of speech are the ones of Categorematic words (знаменательные слова) and Syntacategorematic/syntactic words (служебные слова). The
Theory of the field structure of the word.
Theory of the Morphological Field:
In a group of words there are ones which have all indications (signs) of a definite morphological part of speech; there are also words whic
The problem of the Gender of the English Noun.
The gender of an object, thing or phenomenon is expressed with lexical, but not grammatical, means (boy – girl, man – woman, bull – caw; he-goat – she-goat; star – it; window – it, ship – it/she, e
The category of the Number.
1. The category of the Number is based on the opposition of singularity and plurality.
For example:
parent – parents, tree –trees, man –men, life – l
The category of Case.
The Case
refers to the relations of an object/thing/phenomenon (which is denoted by a noun) to other objects, actions and signs, on the one hand, and
Functions and significance of the Article.
Functionally there are two forms of the Article – definite and indefinite. The forms are not changed. Though they have definite phonetic versions/the versions in pronunciation (drawing 4.1):
Functions and significance of the Article
There are three general functions of the Article: morphological, syntactic and semantic.
1). Morphological function of the Article.
Article is the main formal material morp
Grammatical Meaning of the Verb
The Verb refers to the Categorematic parts of speech:
it has lexical meaning and can take a definite syntactic position and serve some functions of a member of a sentence.
Semantic Classification
There are three main subclassifications that are based on the Principle of Meaning, both Lexical and Grammatical (tab. 5.2).
Table 5.2
Scheme of the 1
Functions and Significance of the Non-Finite Forms
As for the morphological form there is a subdivision. They are said to be Simple Non-Finite forms and Analytical Non-Finite Forms.
Two morphological forms of the Non-F
Classification of Word-combinations
General Classification. All word-combinations (WC) can be divided into two general groups on the ground of:
4) Principle of Form (inner structure, grammatical morphological r
PRACTICE I
Task 1: join the given language elements thus to form sуntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between or among them.
Has been cleaning, meaning, an, has been peeled, bea
TEST I (S)
The task:match an item from the left column with its explanation given in the right one.
The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
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