Grammatical categories. - раздел Образование, THEORETICAL GRAMMAR To The Main Notions In The Study Of Theoretical Grammar The Following Ones Ar...
To the main notions in the study of Theoretical Grammar the following ones are included: grammatical category; grammatical form and grammatical meaning.
Grammatical Meaning differs from Lexical Meaning. The latter implies an idea or a sense that a word represents. Grammar Meaning also implies an idea or a sense but they (ideasense) are peculiar to a class of words but not to a single word; they are united by a general propriety of the class of words. Thus, Grammatical Meaning is a generalized or abstract propriety of a class of words and unites big groups of classes of words.
For instance:
Class of words
Proprieties
The Noun
to present objects or things (abstract or concrete).
The Verb
to express action.
The Adjective
to show a sign or a quality of an object or a thing.
So, the Grammatical Meaning of the Noun is the propriety to present objects or things, the one of the Verb is the propriety to express an action, the one of the Adjective is the propriety to present a sign or a quality of an object or a thing, etc.
Grammatical Meaning is expressed through the formal indices of a class of words or through their absence. Formal indices are specific for each language and express Grammatical Meaning only when they are joined to the stems of definite parts of speech.
For instance:
The index ‘s’ in the English Language can express:
a) the Plural form of the Noun (a language - languages);
b) the Present Simple for the 3rd Person Singular (We live. – He lives.);
c) the Possessive Case of the Noun (a friend’s advice).
Grammatical Form refers to a material expression of Grammatical Meaning (expression of a word’s form or inflexion).
For instance:
The Grammatical Form ‘has been speaking’ is a material (language) expression of the Grammatical Meaning of the Verb which is presented by the definite notional verb ‘speak’ in the Present Perfect Continuous which refers to the 3rd Person Singular.
Grammatical Category appears on the ground of Grammatical Forms (that in their turn express Grammatical Meaning); it cannot include less than two opposite or properly correlated Grammatical Forms.
For instance:
In English there are:
a) the Category of Tense (Past, Present and Future) that includes 3 Grammatical Forms (properly correlated);
b) the Category of Aspect (Simple, Continuous, Perfect Simple and Perfect Continuous) that includes 4 Grammatical Forms (properly correlated);
c) the Category of Voice (Active and Passive) that includes 2 Grammatical Forms (opposite);
d) the Category of Number (Singular and Plural) that includes 2 Grammatical Forms (opposite), etc.
Grammatical Category presents a peculiar reflection of reality as the Category of Tense, for example, reflects a relation of an action to a moment of time; the Category of Voice reflects a relation of an agent to an action, etc.
Grammatical Category refers to the unity of two or more Grammatical Forms that are opposite or brought into proper correlation in accordance with Grammatical Meaning (example given above).
1.3.3. Language levels(table 1.2)
Table 1.2
Subdivision of Language Levels’
Language Levels
Unites
Essence
1. Primary
Basis of elements
(conditional statics):
Phonemic
Phoneme (sound)
Phonemes build material form for language signs but are not material signs by themselves. They form morphemes.
Lexical
Lexeme (word)
Words and steady expressions
Proposemic (пропозематический)
Phraseme (phrase)
Sentences
2. Transitive
Transition of elements
(conditional dynamics):
Morphemic (морфематичный)
Morpheme (building element of Word)
from a morpheme to a word
Denotative (денотативный)
Denoteme (Categorematic Word or Phrase)
from a word to a sentence
Dictumic – from dictum[‘diktem]: a statement that expresses sth that people believe is always true or should be followed – (диктематический)
Dicteme (sentence or contextual thematic unite of sentences)
from a sentence to a text
Certain units are defined by inner, relatively reserved in a corresponded level features. To such unites the following are referred:
1) Phoneme which is defined with a set of phonologic distinctive signs and which is not marked with the function of a sign;
2) Word which is defined with the signs of nominative function;
3) Sentence which is defined with the signs of predicative function (table 1.2).
The quality of other units is distinguished in a necessary and ingenious correlation with the units of adjacent levels. They are
1) Morpheme which is defined as a component of a word (with its nominative function of a sign);
2) Denoteme which is defined as a component of a sentence (with its situation-predicative or propositive function);
3) Dicteme which is a component of a text (with its communicative funtcion) (table 1.2).
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The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
Theoretical Grammaris a section of linguistics that studies grammar system of language.
Grammar system of language refers to the whole complex of conformitie
Kinds of Theoretical Grammar
To explain and interpreter a phenomenon means to reveal and understand its nature. Kinds of Theoretical Grammar are defined by different approaches to the problem of How to interpret lang
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations.
As for the structure Theoretical Grammar can be stipulated by syntagmatic (distributive) or paradigmatic (transformative) relations.
The notions of the Word and the Morpheme
The word morphology is based on the two Greek words morpheme and logos.
Morpheme means form.
Logos was regarded as one of
Kinds of Morphemes
Kinds of Morphemes
Root
Affix (prefix, suffix)
Inflective
Principles of subdivision of parts of speech
The whole structure of Language is divided into lexical-grammatical classes or parts of speech.
Different linguistic schools ground different ways of lexical-grammatical cl
Classification of parts of speech
The biggest subdivision of parts of speech are the ones of Categorematic words (знаменательные слова) and Syntacategorematic/syntactic words (служебные слова). The
Theory of the field structure of the word.
Theory of the Morphological Field:
In a group of words there are ones which have all indications (signs) of a definite morphological part of speech; there are also words whic
The problem of the Gender of the English Noun.
The gender of an object, thing or phenomenon is expressed with lexical, but not grammatical, means (boy – girl, man – woman, bull – caw; he-goat – she-goat; star – it; window – it, ship – it/she, e
The category of the Number.
1. The category of the Number is based on the opposition of singularity and plurality.
For example:
parent – parents, tree –trees, man –men, life – l
The category of Case.
The Case
refers to the relations of an object/thing/phenomenon (which is denoted by a noun) to other objects, actions and signs, on the one hand, and
Functions and significance of the Article.
Functionally there are two forms of the Article – definite and indefinite. The forms are not changed. Though they have definite phonetic versions/the versions in pronunciation (drawing 4.1):
Functions and significance of the Article
There are three general functions of the Article: morphological, syntactic and semantic.
1). Morphological function of the Article.
Article is the main formal material morp
Grammatical Meaning of the Verb
The Verb refers to the Categorematic parts of speech:
it has lexical meaning and can take a definite syntactic position and serve some functions of a member of a sentence.
Semantic Classification
There are three main subclassifications that are based on the Principle of Meaning, both Lexical and Grammatical (tab. 5.2).
Table 5.2
Scheme of the 1
I Categories of the Finite Verbs
The Voice (Active, Passive): expresses relations of an action, its agent and object (an agent does an action (the Active Voice); an action is done over the agent or at the objec
Functions and Significance of the Non-Finite Forms
As for the morphological form there is a subdivision. They are said to be Simple Non-Finite forms and Analytical Non-Finite Forms.
Two morphological forms of the Non-F
Classification of Word-combinations
General Classification. All word-combinations (WC) can be divided into two general groups on the ground of:
4) Principle of Form (inner structure, grammatical morphological r
PRACTICE I
Task 1: join the given language elements thus to form sуntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between or among them.
Has been cleaning, meaning, an, has been peeled, bea
TEST I (S)
The task:match an item from the left column with its explanation given in the right one.
The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
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