The principle of Substitution in stipulating the three English Cases
The principle of Substitution in stipulating the three English Cases - раздел Образование, THEORETICAL GRAMMAR Case
Substitution By Personal Pronoun
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Case
Substitution by Personal Pronoun
Example
Using a noun
Substituted by
a personal pronoun
Type
Pronoun
Common
Personal
He, she, it
A student is writing a test.
He is writing a test.
Possessive
Possessive
His, her, its
He looked at mother’s car.
I like the colour of the car.
He looked at her car.
I like its colour.
Objective
Personal Pronoun in the Objective Case
Him, her
She wrote a letter to a man.
She wrote a letter to him (She wrote him a letter).
Critics.
The approach is quite a reasonable one as it takes into consideration the Lexical Meaning (a propriety to substitute a noun by a proper personal pronoun), the Syntactic Function (the propriety of a noun to serve a definite syntactic function in a sentence) and the analytical character of the English language (to change grammatical forms by an analytical means, not by synthetic, inflective/inflectional ways).
Though Morphologically the English Noun can hardly change: it has an opposition only in the category of the Number, not in the one of the Case. As for the latter (the Category of Case) materially, morphologically it can have an opposition only when the relations concern some possession. Then there is the opposition of the Common Case and the Possessive one (as in the classification introduced by H.O.Jespersen).
2. Contemporary approach to the Category of Case.
Nowadays there is a tendency to think that there is no morphological category of the case in English.
Firstly, there are no definite morphological forms as material expression of the Case. As a result there is no paradigm of the morphological forms of it.
Secondly, there is a certain confusion as for syntactic functions of the Noun in the form of the Common Case and in the form of the Possessive Case.
Thus, in the both forms the Noun can serve the syntactic function of the Attribute, though, naturally in the Objective Case it should serve the function of the Subject or the one of the Object and in the form of the Possessive Case – the function of the Attribute.
For example:
There is the John’s book. The noun in the Possessive Case is an attribute in the sentence.
There is a table lamp. The noun in the Common Case is an attribute (prepositional attribute), too.
Thirdly, the Possessive Case in English has a few definite peculiarities, which makes it different from synthetic ways of word inflection. They are the following.
1). The main Grammatical Meaning of the Possessive Case is to express a certain possession.
For example:
A student’s book; a students’ book
Though there are also other meanings.
For example:
The day’s wait = the wait during a day (the meaning of temporality)
The hair’s width = the width of a hair, very narrow (the meaning of measure)
The snake’s character = the character that resemble peculiar behaviour of snake (the meaning of quality)
2). The Possessive Case has limited functions:
a) limited lexical function:
usually it is used with names of animated objects
For example:
A girl’s prize; a dog’s bed, etc
But not table’s lamp
b) limited positional function:
a noun takes the place before another noun which is attributed (prepositional location)
For example
A table lamp (not lamp table);
A girl’s prize (not a prize girl’s);
A dog’s bed (not a bed dog’s)
3). Singular and Plural forms of the Noun in the Possessive Case differ only in writing, not in oral speech. There are only rare exceptions.
For example:
Boy’s [boiz]; boys’ [boiz] (sounds the same)
Child – child’s; children – children’s’ (an exception)
4). The index ‘s is not fixed only for the Noun; it can also be added to a word-combination or a clause.
For example:
The girl’s father (added to the word);
The dancing with my friend girl’s father (added to a phrase);
The girl I go with’s father (added to a clause).
Conclusion:
the contemporary English Noun does not have the Category of the Case. There is a tendency to consider the Case as the syntactic attributive category (the syntactic category of attributivity) the formal index of which is ‘s.
In the contemporary English Grammar the Possessive case is included also in the grammatical group of Possessives to which nouns in the Possessive Case, possessives without following nouns, the possessive pronouns and phrases with the preposition of are included.
For example:
Mother’s car (the noun in the Possessive Case);
She got married at St Joseph’s. Alice is at the hairdresser’s (the possessive without a following noun).
There is my new coat. That coat is mine (the possessive personal pronoun)
It is easy to loose one’s temper when one is criticized (the possessive impersonal pronoun)
That policemen is a friend of Lucy. His work is no business of yours (phrases with the preposition of )
The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
Theoretical Grammaris a section of linguistics that studies grammar system of language.
Grammar system of language refers to the whole complex of conformitie
Kinds of Theoretical Grammar
To explain and interpreter a phenomenon means to reveal and understand its nature. Kinds of Theoretical Grammar are defined by different approaches to the problem of How to interpret lang
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations.
As for the structure Theoretical Grammar can be stipulated by syntagmatic (distributive) or paradigmatic (transformative) relations.
Grammatical categories.
To the main notions in the study of Theoretical Grammar the following ones are included: grammatical category; grammatical form and grammatical meaning.
Grammatical Meaning d
The notions of the Word and the Morpheme
The word morphology is based on the two Greek words morpheme and logos.
Morpheme means form.
Logos was regarded as one of
Kinds of Morphemes
Kinds of Morphemes
Root
Affix (prefix, suffix)
Inflective
Principles of subdivision of parts of speech
The whole structure of Language is divided into lexical-grammatical classes or parts of speech.
Different linguistic schools ground different ways of lexical-grammatical cl
Classification of parts of speech
The biggest subdivision of parts of speech are the ones of Categorematic words (знаменательные слова) and Syntacategorematic/syntactic words (служебные слова). The
Theory of the field structure of the word.
Theory of the Morphological Field:
In a group of words there are ones which have all indications (signs) of a definite morphological part of speech; there are also words whic
The problem of the Gender of the English Noun.
The gender of an object, thing or phenomenon is expressed with lexical, but not grammatical, means (boy – girl, man – woman, bull – caw; he-goat – she-goat; star – it; window – it, ship – it/she, e
The category of the Number.
1. The category of the Number is based on the opposition of singularity and plurality.
For example:
parent – parents, tree –trees, man –men, life – l
The category of Case.
The Case
refers to the relations of an object/thing/phenomenon (which is denoted by a noun) to other objects, actions and signs, on the one hand, and
Functions and significance of the Article.
Functionally there are two forms of the Article – definite and indefinite. The forms are not changed. Though they have definite phonetic versions/the versions in pronunciation (drawing 4.1):
Functions and significance of the Article
There are three general functions of the Article: morphological, syntactic and semantic.
1). Morphological function of the Article.
Article is the main formal material morp
Grammatical Meaning of the Verb
The Verb refers to the Categorematic parts of speech:
it has lexical meaning and can take a definite syntactic position and serve some functions of a member of a sentence.
Semantic Classification
There are three main subclassifications that are based on the Principle of Meaning, both Lexical and Grammatical (tab. 5.2).
Table 5.2
Scheme of the 1
I Categories of the Finite Verbs
The Voice (Active, Passive): expresses relations of an action, its agent and object (an agent does an action (the Active Voice); an action is done over the agent or at the objec
Functions and Significance of the Non-Finite Forms
As for the morphological form there is a subdivision. They are said to be Simple Non-Finite forms and Analytical Non-Finite Forms.
Two morphological forms of the Non-F
Classification of Word-combinations
General Classification. All word-combinations (WC) can be divided into two general groups on the ground of:
4) Principle of Form (inner structure, grammatical morphological r
PRACTICE I
Task 1: join the given language elements thus to form sуntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between or among them.
Has been cleaning, meaning, an, has been peeled, bea
TEST I (S)
The task:match an item from the left column with its explanation given in the right one.
The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
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