Classification of parts of speech - раздел Образование, THEORETICAL GRAMMAR
The Biggest Subdivision Of Parts Of Speech Are The Ones Of ...
The biggest subdivision of parts of speech are the ones of Categorematic words (знаменательные слова) and Syntacategorematic/syntactic words (служебные слова). The Classification is based on three principles formulated by L.Scherba.
Characteristics of words/parts of speech
Categorematic words/parts of speech
Syntacategorematic parts of speech
1) Language units/elements that have lexical meanings, denotes references (elements of reality).
For example:
*Table, joy (nouns that denote a thing and a phenomenon);
*To bring, to create (verbs that denote actions);
*Big, happy (adjectives that denote qualities);
*Soon, well (adverbs that denote time and manner)
2) They can take a definite syntactic position and serve the functions of members of a sentence.
For example:
*The Noun can serve the function of the Subject (first position) or the one of the Object (the position after the Predicate), or the one of the Predicative (a part of the Predicate);
*The Verb serves the function of the Predicate (the position after the Subject) or a part of that which is the Complement (a part of the Predicate);
*The Adjective – the Attribute (before the Subject or the Object) or the Predicative;
*The Pronoun – the Subject or the Attribute;
*The Adverb – the Adverbial Modifier (in the beginning of a sentence – before the Subject, between the Subject and the Predicate, inside of the Predicate – between auxiliary and notional verbs or at the end of a sentence), etc.
1) Language elements that do not have independent Lexical Meaning.
For example:
*She is waiting for him (does not have an independent Lexical Meaning, though in that position it points at the object).
2) They are not objects of Thinking.
For example:
Such words as of, since, the, a, and, etc. can not denote definite things, objects, phenomena.
3) They have mainly grammar functions.
For example:
*A book of mine (shows possession);
*A trip to Kiev (direction)
4) They are phonetically weak, are not stressed with intonation.
For example:
*#1, 2, 3
Their functions are:a) to show definite relations between Categorematic parts of speech
For example:
*#1, 3
b) to specify Grammar Meaning of the Categorematic parts of speech
For example:
*A boy and the girls (boy, girl have the Grammar Meaning of the Noun).
Syntacategorematic words
Refer to the Categorematic words/parts of speech
But under certain conditions loose their lexical content and keep only grammar function
For example:
I have a new book (as a Categorematic word, means to possess).
I have bought a new book (as a Syntacategorematic ne, has only a grammar function – refers to the Present Perfect of the notional verb to bring).
Some parts of speech do not have morphological signs.
For example:
1) Since, before, after can be:
* prepositions: after the revolution;
* conjunctions: I reached the station after the train had left.
* adverbs: You speak first, I will speak after.
2) the Noun can serve different syntactic functions:
*A table lamp (Attribute);
* On the table (Object)
There are 13 parts of speech in English:
9 Categorematic:
4 Syntacategorematic:
The Noun (denotes objects, things, phenomena): man, world, life, rain, spring, etc.
The Verb (expresses actions): to run, to think, to develop, to enjoy, etc.
The Adjective (names signs, qualities and characteristics of objects and things): beautiful, ridiculous, magnificent, strange, smart, etc.
The Adverb (denotes reason, purpose, circumstances, place, time, manner, etc. of an action): yesterday, soon, quickly, occasionally, etc.
The Numeral (shows number or quantity of something): one, 2003, twelve, first, second, etc.
The Pronoun (substitutes the noun in accordance to the lexical gender the latter expresses): he, she, anything, all, etc.
Words of the category of state and condition (express a definite state of an object; they all play syntactic function of the Predicative in a sentence): afraid, asleep, aware, etc.
Modal Words (show different attitudes to reality; express probability of an action): probably, perhaps, eventually, likely, etc.
Interjections (present emotional reaction of a speaker): wow! (amazed), oh! (surprised), oops! (puzzled, embarrassed), etc.
1. Conjunctions (show definite combinations of semantic parts in a sentence): and (addition), but (contrast), or (alternative), because (cause), when (time), etc. (which, that)
2. Prepositions (express different relations between main and dependent words in an expression or in a sentence): a book is on the shelf, to go to Chicago, to marry in spring, to speak about him, to look at people, to meet on Monday, to dream of better future, etc.
3. Particles (help other words to express different semantic shades of their meanings): to be in (to be in a certain place), to be on/off (ex.: lights are turned on/off), to be over (finished, completed), to look at (direction), to look for (to search), to look after (to take care of / to resemble), etc.
4. Articles (are certain determiners of the Noun; can determine the Number, can show if a noun names a certain concrete thing or some abstract phenomenon, etc.): a student should clean the class-board (any/one student; one concrete class-board), __ students are very funny people (all students like a class of people; not some definite students), etc.
As for their Grammatical Meanings Categorematic parts of speech
are divided into three general groups:
1) Categorematic parts of speech that name objects, things, phenomena and their signs:
the Noun (1), the Adjective (3), the Verb (2), the Adverb (4), the words of the category of state (7);
2) Categorematic parts of speech that point to objects, things, phenomena and their qualities or quantity but do not name them (they substitute the former): the Pronoun (6), the Numeral (5);
3) Categorematic parts of speech that express the attitude of a speaker to what feelings, emotions and wills they are expressing: interjections (9) and modal words (8) which are not parts of a sentence (!).
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The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
Theoretical Grammaris a section of linguistics that studies grammar system of language.
Grammar system of language refers to the whole complex of conformitie
Kinds of Theoretical Grammar
To explain and interpreter a phenomenon means to reveal and understand its nature. Kinds of Theoretical Grammar are defined by different approaches to the problem of How to interpret lang
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations.
As for the structure Theoretical Grammar can be stipulated by syntagmatic (distributive) or paradigmatic (transformative) relations.
Grammatical categories.
To the main notions in the study of Theoretical Grammar the following ones are included: grammatical category; grammatical form and grammatical meaning.
Grammatical Meaning d
The notions of the Word and the Morpheme
The word morphology is based on the two Greek words morpheme and logos.
Morpheme means form.
Logos was regarded as one of
Kinds of Morphemes
Kinds of Morphemes
Root
Affix (prefix, suffix)
Inflective
Principles of subdivision of parts of speech
The whole structure of Language is divided into lexical-grammatical classes or parts of speech.
Different linguistic schools ground different ways of lexical-grammatical cl
Theory of the field structure of the word.
Theory of the Morphological Field:
In a group of words there are ones which have all indications (signs) of a definite morphological part of speech; there are also words whic
The problem of the Gender of the English Noun.
The gender of an object, thing or phenomenon is expressed with lexical, but not grammatical, means (boy – girl, man – woman, bull – caw; he-goat – she-goat; star – it; window – it, ship – it/she, e
The category of the Number.
1. The category of the Number is based on the opposition of singularity and plurality.
For example:
parent – parents, tree –trees, man –men, life – l
The category of Case.
The Case
refers to the relations of an object/thing/phenomenon (which is denoted by a noun) to other objects, actions and signs, on the one hand, and
Functions and significance of the Article.
Functionally there are two forms of the Article – definite and indefinite. The forms are not changed. Though they have definite phonetic versions/the versions in pronunciation (drawing 4.1):
Functions and significance of the Article
There are three general functions of the Article: morphological, syntactic and semantic.
1). Morphological function of the Article.
Article is the main formal material morp
Grammatical Meaning of the Verb
The Verb refers to the Categorematic parts of speech:
it has lexical meaning and can take a definite syntactic position and serve some functions of a member of a sentence.
Semantic Classification
There are three main subclassifications that are based on the Principle of Meaning, both Lexical and Grammatical (tab. 5.2).
Table 5.2
Scheme of the 1
I Categories of the Finite Verbs
The Voice (Active, Passive): expresses relations of an action, its agent and object (an agent does an action (the Active Voice); an action is done over the agent or at the objec
Functions and Significance of the Non-Finite Forms
As for the morphological form there is a subdivision. They are said to be Simple Non-Finite forms and Analytical Non-Finite Forms.
Two morphological forms of the Non-F
Classification of Word-combinations
General Classification. All word-combinations (WC) can be divided into two general groups on the ground of:
4) Principle of Form (inner structure, grammatical morphological r
PRACTICE I
Task 1: join the given language elements thus to form sуntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between or among them.
Has been cleaning, meaning, an, has been peeled, bea
TEST I (S)
The task:match an item from the left column with its explanation given in the right one.
The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
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