PRACTICE I - раздел Образование, THEORETICAL GRAMMAR Task 1: Join The Given Language Elements Thus To Form Sуntag...
Task 1: join the given language elements thus to form sуntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between or among them.
Has been cleaning, meaning, an, has been peeled, beauty, they, girl, potato, he, meaningful, slowly, cleaned, she, the, is peeling, oranges, flat, quickly, we, definitely, to clean, orange, teenager, a, fresh, boy, adult, means, beautiful, have been peeled
For example:
The words ‘boy’, ‘girl’, ‘teenager’, ‘adult’ form a paradigmatic class of nouns that name people of different age and sex.
The words ‘means’, ‘meaning’, ‘meaningful’, ‘meant’ create a paradigm of forms of the word ‘mean’.
The combination ‘an adult meant potato’ form syntagmatic relations of the mentioned words.
Task 2:characterize the given in the task №1 language elements as for their Grammar Meanings, Forms and Categories.
For example:
Has been peeled: can be characterized with:
a) the Grammar Meaning of the Verb (it expresses an action);
b) the Grammar Form of the Present Perfect Simple (have+been+V3), 3rd Person Singular (has), Active Voice (be+V3);
c) the Grammar Categories of the Tense (Present from the choice of Past, Present and Future), Aspect (Perfect Simple from the choice of Simple, Continuous, Perfect Simple and Perfect Continuous) and Voice (Passive from the choice of Active and Passive).
TEST I (teacher’s copy)
The task:match an item from the left column with its explanation given in the right one.
The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
Grammar elements
refer to morphemes, words, word-combinations and sentences
Grammar structure
implies relations and connections among grammar elements or inner organization of the language grammar system
The subject of English Theoretical Grammar
refers to the study of the English Language grammar organization as a system parts of which are mutually connected with definite relations of different types of complexity (complication, complicacy)
The main task of Theoretical Grammar
is an adequate systematic (methodic) description of language facts and also their theoretical interpretation
Practical Grammar
prescribes definite rules for the use of a language (gives instruction for the use of language data, teaches how to speak and write)
Theoretical Grammar
analyzes language data, interprets them, expound the data but does not give instructions as for the use of them
Kinds of Theoretical Grammar
Distributive Grammar
studies relations among syntagmatic elements
Transformative Grammar
concentrates its attention at the relations among grammar forms
Logical Grammar
emphasizes connections between grammar categories and categories of thinking
Situated Grammar
researches relations of signs and non-language objects that are marked with language categories and grammar forms
Psychological Grammar
brings its attention to the influence of psychology on the use of grammar forms
Structural (Formal) Theoretical grammar
includes Distributive and Transforming Grammar
Semantic Theoretical grammar
includes Logical, Psychological and Situated Grammar
Static method
gives a way to makelanguage facts be brought to light and classified
Dynamic method
searches how one language facts transfer into other and one grammar forms appear from others
Main grammar notions. Sintagmatic and paradigmatic relations
Syntagmatic relations
refer to the ones of contiguity
Paradigmatic relations
refer to the ones of similarity
Adjacent language elements
can not replace each other for they belong to the different grammar categories
Paradigmatic language elements
unite language elements that can replace each other for they belong to a class of elements that has a general similarity.
Grammar categories
Grammar Meaning
is a generalized or abstract propriety of a class of words and unites big groups of classes of words
Grammar Form
refers to a material expression of Grammar Meaning (expression of inflexion)
Grammar Category
presents a peculiar reflection of reality and cannot include less than two opposite or properly correlated Grammar Forms
General characteristics of the contemporary English language system
Synthetic Language
Grammar relations of words are expressed by the forms of these very words. A meaningful word alters and presents its new forms to express grammar relations.
Analytical Language
A meaningful word is not able to alter. For that other words are used – auxiliaries. They help to express grammar relations or combine words in phrases or sentences.
Peculiarity: auxiliary element (auxiliary verb) does not have a lexical meaning; notional verb does have that.
Eight general characteristics of English
1) Auxiliaries;
2) Scarcity of flexible forms;
3) Homonymy;
4) Absence of Grammatical Agreement of a noun and an adjective that attributes the noun;
5) Use of the Noun in the Common Case as a prepositional attribute;
6) Formal double complete predicative center;
7) Wide use of the assistant words;
8) Wide development of secondary predicative combinations;
9) Direct word order.
I Introductory to the theoretical study of the English Language Grammar... The Subject of Theoretical... Kinds of Theoretical Grammar...
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PRACTICE I
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The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
Theoretical Grammaris a section of linguistics that studies grammar system of language.
Grammar system of language refers to the whole complex of conformitie
Kinds of Theoretical Grammar
To explain and interpreter a phenomenon means to reveal and understand its nature. Kinds of Theoretical Grammar are defined by different approaches to the problem of How to interpret lang
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations.
As for the structure Theoretical Grammar can be stipulated by syntagmatic (distributive) or paradigmatic (transformative) relations.
Grammatical categories.
To the main notions in the study of Theoretical Grammar the following ones are included: grammatical category; grammatical form and grammatical meaning.
Grammatical Meaning d
The notions of the Word and the Morpheme
The word morphology is based on the two Greek words morpheme and logos.
Morpheme means form.
Logos was regarded as one of
Kinds of Morphemes
Kinds of Morphemes
Root
Affix (prefix, suffix)
Inflective
Principles of subdivision of parts of speech
The whole structure of Language is divided into lexical-grammatical classes or parts of speech.
Different linguistic schools ground different ways of lexical-grammatical cl
Classification of parts of speech
The biggest subdivision of parts of speech are the ones of Categorematic words (знаменательные слова) and Syntacategorematic/syntactic words (служебные слова). The
Theory of the field structure of the word.
Theory of the Morphological Field:
In a group of words there are ones which have all indications (signs) of a definite morphological part of speech; there are also words whic
The problem of the Gender of the English Noun.
The gender of an object, thing or phenomenon is expressed with lexical, but not grammatical, means (boy – girl, man – woman, bull – caw; he-goat – she-goat; star – it; window – it, ship – it/she, e
The category of the Number.
1. The category of the Number is based on the opposition of singularity and plurality.
For example:
parent – parents, tree –trees, man –men, life – l
The category of Case.
The Case
refers to the relations of an object/thing/phenomenon (which is denoted by a noun) to other objects, actions and signs, on the one hand, and
Functions and significance of the Article.
Functionally there are two forms of the Article – definite and indefinite. The forms are not changed. Though they have definite phonetic versions/the versions in pronunciation (drawing 4.1):
Functions and significance of the Article
There are three general functions of the Article: morphological, syntactic and semantic.
1). Morphological function of the Article.
Article is the main formal material morp
Grammatical Meaning of the Verb
The Verb refers to the Categorematic parts of speech:
it has lexical meaning and can take a definite syntactic position and serve some functions of a member of a sentence.
Semantic Classification
There are three main subclassifications that are based on the Principle of Meaning, both Lexical and Grammatical (tab. 5.2).
Table 5.2
Scheme of the 1
I Categories of the Finite Verbs
The Voice (Active, Passive): expresses relations of an action, its agent and object (an agent does an action (the Active Voice); an action is done over the agent or at the objec
Functions and Significance of the Non-Finite Forms
As for the morphological form there is a subdivision. They are said to be Simple Non-Finite forms and Analytical Non-Finite Forms.
Two morphological forms of the Non-F
Classification of Word-combinations
General Classification. All word-combinations (WC) can be divided into two general groups on the ground of:
4) Principle of Form (inner structure, grammatical morphological r
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