ACOUSTIC ASPECT OP SPEECH SOUNDS - раздел Иностранные языки, Теоретическая фонетика английского языка Speech Sounds Have A Number Of Physical Properties, The Firsf Of Them Is Freq...
Speech sounds have a number of physical properties, the firsf of them is frequency, i.e. the number of vibrations per second.
The vocal cords vibrate along the whole of their length, producing fundamental frequency, and along the varying portions of their length, producing overtones, or harmonics. When the vibrations produced by the vocal cords are regular they produce the acoustic impression of voice or musical tone. When they are irregular noise is produced. When there is a combination of tone and noise, either noise or tone prevails. When tone prevails over noise sonorants are produced. When noise prevails over tone voiced consonants are produced.
The complex range of frequencies which make up the quality of a sound is known as the acoustic spectrum. Bands of energy which are characteristic of a particular sound are called the sound's for-mants..
Perception of the pitch of a speech sound depends upon the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords. The higher the pitch of vibrations, the higher the pitch level. A male voice may have an average pitch level of about 150 cps.1 and a female voice—a level of about 240 cps. The total range of a speaking voice varies from 80 to 350 cps. but the human ear perceives frequencies from 15 cps. to about 20,000 cps. The frequency of sound depends on certain physical properties of the vibrator, such as mass, length and tension.' ,'
The second physical property of sound is intensity. Changes in intensity are perceived as variation in the loudness of a sound. The greater the amplitude of vibration, the greater the intensity of a sound; the greater the pressure on the ear-drums, the louder the sound. Intensity is measured in decibels (dbs).
Any sound has duration, it is its length or quantity of time during which the same vibratory motion, the same pattern of vibration, are; maintained. The duration of speech sounds is usually measured im milliseconds (msecs).
The analysis of a sound frequency and intensity at a definite period of time can be presented graphically with the help of a sound spectrograph. Acoustic characteristics of speech sounds are represented by spectrograms: linear or dynamic and intensity or instant. In instant spectrograms intensity is represented by vertical dimensions,- frequency—by horizontal dimension (Fig. 1).
* Cycles per second«
In linear representations of intensity spectrograms the strength o! harmonics is adequate to the blackness of spots: the stronger the harmonic, the blacker is the spot. _
Both types of spectrograms have certain limitations: _ in linear spectrograms a succession of sounds can be measured but it is diffi-
Fig. i
cult to compare their exact quality. However, they reveal a lot of information about the sound changes in time.
The intensity representations of instant spectrograms cannot be read off with any exactness, but their great mdfft ч$ the possibility to record not only the exact quality, but also the changes of sounds of speech at a particular moment of time.
Spectrographic analysis gives basis for acoustic definitions and classification of speech sounds. One of such classifications was suggested byjR. Jacobson, G. Fant and M. Halle. This classification is not only phonoacoustic but also phonemic
Although acoustic descriptions, definitions and classifications of speech sounds are considered to be more precise than articulatory ones, they are practically inapplicable in language teaching, because
the acoustic features of speech sounds cannot be seen directly or felt by the language learner. Acoustic descriptions, however, can be applied in the fields of technical acoustics. They are also of great theoretical value.
The research work made in acoustic phonetics is connected with 1) the methods of speech synthesis and perceptual experiment for the study of cues of phonemic distinctions and for the exploration of differences in tone and stress; 2) the design of speech recognizing machines, the teaching of languages, the diagnosis and treatment of pathological conditions involving speech and language. The future work in acoustic phonetics will be connected with brain functioning and artificial intelligence. "Experimentation will involve the whole of -speech programming and processing, including the relations between the acoustic level of speech and operations at the grammatical, syntactical, lexical and phonological levels." *
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ACOUSTIC ASPECT OP SPEECH SOUNDS
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I. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF PHONETICS
The significance of language and speech becomes quite clear from the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism who defined language as the most important means of human intercourse, and stated that
ARTICULATORY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF SPEECH SOUNDS
To analyse a speech sound physiologically and articulatorily some
clataonthearticulatory mechanism and its work should be introduced.
Speech is impossible without the following fo
Ts> 5/.
— the use of the labio-dental /v, b/ instead of the bilabial /w/,
— absence of aspiration in /p, t, k/ when they occur initially,
— weak pronunciation of voiceless fortis /p, t
ARTICULATORY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH VOWELS
The first linguist who tried to describe and classify vowel sounds for all languages was D. Jones. He devised the system of 8 Cardinal Vowels. The basis of the system is physiological. Cardinal vow
Position of the Soft Palate
This principle of consonant classification provides the basis for the following distinctive oppositions. Oral vs. nasal
pit — pin seek — seen thieve — theme sick — sing 60
CONSONANT PHONEMES. DESCRIPTION OF PRINCIPAL VARIANTS
Strictly speaking, it is impossible to give an exact and detailed description of a sound within the limits of a short definition, because not a single sound is pronounced identically even twice. So
S — f/, /z — v/.
3. Define the consonant phonemes /9, Э/.
*4. Read these words, spell them and translate them into Russian.
0m —sin 9ik —tik hi:0 —hi:t mAn8s
9ik — sik 6o:t — to:t Ьэ
VOWEL PHONEMES. DESCRIPTION OF-PRINCIPAL VARIANTS
a) Monophthongs, cr Simple Vowels
Vowels are best of all learnt when the teacher directs-the-attention of the pupils to the position of the tongue and the lips.The description of the vowe
No. 4 Ы
1. Ann and Mary were happy in their ntw hats. 2. The fact is Mother packed the sandwiches herself. 3, He waved his hand back to> her till he hit his hand on the back edge. 4. She'd have gladly
SUBSIDIARY VARIANTS OF THE ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEMES
a) Unchecked and Checked Vowels
Allophonic differences in the vowel system of the English language are conditioned by their distributional characteristics. All of them may occur in initial
No. 6 hi
d&bh^hW??' S0Ud> nod^> crop' с , dollar, bomb, John, gone, yonder, hot
ASSIMILATION
In the process of speech, that is in the process of transition from the articulatory work of one sound to the articulatory work of the neighbouring one, sounds are modified. These modifications ca
ELISION
Elision can be historical and contemporary.
English spelling is full of "silent" letters which bear witness to historical elision, e.g. walk /wo:k/, knee /ni:/,
Control Tasks
1. Read the words, observe fhe stronger aspiration of/p, t, k/ before long vow els and diphthongs. Compare with the Russian /п, т, к/ pronounced with out aspiration.
port tar car
V. ENGLISH PHONEMES IN WRITING
Language performs its function as a means.of intercommunication not only in oral but also in written form. Therefore it is important to establish the relationship between orthography and pronunci
Fill in the blanks with fhe appropriate homophone.
(sealing, ceiling) 1. We had difficulty in ... the leak. 2. The spidermade its web on the ... . 3. The ... of the гост is high.
(sole, soul) 1. My old boots need new .... 2. He was the...
VI. SYLLABLE
Though the basic phonological elements are phonemes, human intercommunication is actualized in syllables.
The syllable as a unit is difficult to define, though native speakers of a langua
THEORIES OF.SYLLABLE FORMATjQN AND SYLLABLE DIVISION
There are different points of view on syllable formation which are briefly the following.
1. The most ancient theory states that there are as many sylla bles in a word as there are vo
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYLLABLE
The syllable as a phonological unit performs three functions: constitutive, distinctive, identificatory. They are closely connected.
1. Constitutive Function
Syllables constitute
VIII. STRONG ANDWEAK FORMS.UNSTRESSED VOCALISM
In actual speech there is a great number of words which are pronounced in the weak or contracted form. They are more common than non-contracted or full forms. It applies to all styles and differen
PAUSATION AND TAMBER
Pausation is closely connected with the other components of intonation. The number and the length of pauses affect the general tempo of speech. A slower tempo makes the utterance more prominent an
STYLISTIC USE OF INTONATION
There are five verbal functional styles (also referred to as registers or discourses): 1. the belles-lettres style, 2. publicistic style, 3. newspaper style, 4. scientific prose style, 5. the styl
X. RECEIVED AND GENERAL AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION
The English language is spoken in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand and the greater part of Canada. It is native to many who live in India, Israel, Malta and Ceyl
THE STfSTEM OF AMERICAN ENGLISH CONSONANTS
The total number of RP and GA consonants differ in one phoneme, it is the GA /W. The rest of the RP and GA inventory of consonant phonemes coincides.
The main peculiarities in the pronunci
* Cycles per second«
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