S — f/, /z — v/.

3. Define the consonant phonemes /9, Э/.

*4. Read these words, spell them and translate them into Russian.

0m —sin 9ik —tik hi:0 —hi:t mAn8s

9ik — sik 6o:t — to:t Ьэио —baut Öi eitQ zäun

9o:t —so:t 9ri: —tri: fo:9 —fo:t wiä_stjend

fo:9 —b:s si:6 —si:z klauB—kbuz kteuöz

mau8—maus leiö—leiz bri:B—bri:z siks0

блт —sAm 6en —den оеэ —des iz 6m

wa:9 —W3:s бэи —dau Uda —'Ada its 6is
si:6 —si:d iwa:5i—iw3:di huz 6set

*5. Transcribe these words and read them.

found—thousand fought—thought F i nns—th ings first —thirst free —three deaf —depth

6. State the articulatory differences between /6 — s/, /9 — t/, /9— f/, /9 — z/,
Id — v/, /d-d/, /ö — 1/.

7. Prove by minimal pairs that /0 — s/, /8 — t/, /6 — z/, /d — d/ are dif-
.. fcrent phonemes.

8/ Define the consonant phoneme /h/.

9. State articulatory differences between the English /h/ and the Russian /x/.

10. Read these words. Mind the pronunciation of /h/ as a pure sound of breath,

help, hall, house, here, hand, harm, heard, hold, head, hear, hot, hills, high, whole, he, his, has, him, 'hardship, 'holiday, 'horror, ho'tel, ihuman, 'happy, behind, ihither'to, 'heather, 'hand­some, 'hardly, 'horses, 'Henry, 'Holland, 'Hubert, iHelen *U. Transcribe toesej words. Translate them into Russian and read them.

all—hall ought—hot it —hit and —hand

ear—hear is —his ill —hill arm —harm

out—house oust —house as —has adds—hands

art—heart add—had air —hair

12.' Define the^consonant phonemes /J¹, 3/.

13. Describe the bi central position of the tongue in the production of the noise /J, 3/ sounds.

*14. Read these words. Spell them and translate them orally into Russian.

Ji:p Jip ;ed Jeiv Jeip Ji:t Aid Jel J"eid .fai fun Juk Jetk Jeim Jam

iilek.Cn (bmpa'tijan 1р1езэ 'vi3n
ksnidi^n p:g8nai'zei,r9n '1езэ g'keign
ideh'geijn 'steijn di's^n 'тезэ

*15. Transcribe these words and read them.

she, sheep, shut, fish, brush, Irish, fishing, special, station, usual, usually, pleasure, shop, sugar, should, flash, British, English, anxious, anxiously, especially, Angelo, occasion, occasional

*16. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the /s, z, f, v, 8, 9, h, J¹, 3A relation to orthography,

pass, certainly, cynic, scythe, Leicester, isle, houses, husband, dessert, hussar, physics, sapphire, enough, draught, lieutenant, neph-•ew, Matthew, Galsworthy, exhaust, vehicle, shepherd, sugar, as­sure, version, notion, social, conscience, chivalry, chaise, regime, pleasure, decision, azure

Constrictive Sonorants (Approximants) /r, j, 1, w/

In the articulation of these consonant phonemes voice prevails over noise, therefore all of them are sonorants. They fall into three groups: median /w, r/, lateral /1/, and palatal /j/.

/r/

I. sonorant;

II. lingual, forelingual, cacuminal, post-alveolar;

III. constrictive, median, unicentral;

IV. oral.

The tip of the tongue is curled behind the back slope of the teeth­ridge. This position of the tip of the tongue is called post-alveolar, or cacuminal. If it is curled still further — retroflexed position. The air passes out of the mouth cavity through the median line: along the lowered front and the bunched-up back of the tongue, then through the narrowing formed by the tip and the _r back slope of the teethridge. This passage is rath­er wide, so voice prevails over noise and the sound produced is a sonor ant. The main body of the tongue has lateral bunching: the sides of the tongue are in close contact with the back teeth and the palate. (In the/r/ production the tip and the blade oi the tongue are not so tense as in the articulation of the Russian/ж/ apical.)

The similar Russian sound /p/ (apical sonorant) is characterized by a different manner of the production of noise: the tip of the tongue vibrates in the flow of air and interrupts it repeatedly forming mo­mentary obstructions against the teethridge. The Russian sound /p/ is rolled, or trilled.

To pronounce /r/ in the proper way care should be taken to hold the tip of the tongue placed in post-alveolar position while breathing the air out of the mouth cavity.

Combinations /r + ai/ are most simple, they should be practised and learnt first: right /rait/, bright /brait/, try /trai/, dry /drai/, grind /gramd/; only after that, other combinations are to be practised.

Graphic Equivalents of the /1/ Phoneme

/r/ is pronounced when spelt:

г red /red/—красный

rr merry /'men/—веселый

wr write /rait/—писать rh rhythm /пЗт/—ритм

/r/ is not pronounced at the end of the word and before a vowel:

star /sta/—звезда, first /fe:st/—первый, door /do:/—дверь, farm /fa:m/—ферма

/r/ is pronounced at the end of the word if it is followed by another word with an initial vowel:

before I go /biifo:r__,ai 1дэи/—прежде чем уйти

By analogy this "linking" /r/ intrudes sometimes into the pro­nunciation of such combinations as:

drama and music, India and Pakistan, law and order, area of agreement

The intrusive /r/ should be avoided.

In the American pronunciation It! is retroflexed, the tip of the tongue is curled further back behind the back slope of the teethridge and the vowels which precede /r/ acquire the It/ colouring. The re­troflexed allophone of the /r/ phoneme has the symbol Ц1< It is pro­nounced with noticeable lip-rounding and protrusion.

bird /ba:d/ /b3;jd/ firm Дз:т/ /fs-.jm/ Lord /b:d/ /lo:jd/

/J/

I. spnorant;

II. lingual: medi о-lingual, palatal;

III. constrictive, median, unicentral;

IV. oral.

A. C. Gimson calls it a "semi-vowel" because it is pronounced as "a rapid vocalic glide on to a syllabic sound of a greater steady dura­tion." ^г The tongue immediately glides from the position for /jV to that of the following vowel, this second element of the glide is more promi­nent than the first, e.g. /jes/.

In the articulation of /j/ the front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate but not so high as to produce much friction. The tip of the tongue is lowered. The air passes out of the mouth cavity along the central, median part of the tongue, the sides of the tongue are raised.

Care should be taken to avoid much noise and not to make the tongue tense when /j7 is articulated, especially in initial position:

yes, yield, yard, you, youth, yawn, yellow

¹ Gimson A. C. Op. cit,— P. 207.

'"The Russian Ш is pronounced with more friction, which is the result of the higher position of the front part of the tongue to the hard palate.

Graphic Equivalents of the ([ Phoneme

/j/ is pronounced when spelt:

у yes /jes/—да, yield /ji:Id/—уступать, yeast /ji:st/~дрожжи i opinion /a'pmjsn/—'Мнение, onion /'лщэп/—лук, familiar Дэ'пн-

lja/—знакомый u in initial position:

union /'ju:nj3n/—союз, unite /ju:'nait/—объединяться, use /]u:s/—польза, usual /1]'и:зиэ1/—обычный in medial position:

duty /'dju:ti/—долг, mute /mju:t/—немой eu in initial position:

euphony /i ju:fsni/—благозвучие in. medial position:

neuter /!nju:t3/—средний, feud /fju:d/—вражда ue rescue /'reskju:/—спасение, due /dju:/—должный ewe ewe /ju:/—овца, ewer /!ju:9/—кувшин eur Europe /iju:9rap/—Европа

eau beauty /'bju:ti/—красота, beautician /bjui'tij'sn/—косметичка ew, iew in medial and final positions:

few /fju:/—немного, new /nju:/—новый, dew /dju:/—роса, news /nju:z/—новости, sewage /'sju:i<33/—сточные воды, view /vju:/—вид

/w/

I. sonorant.¹ Like /j/, /w/ is pronounced with a glide onto another
vowel of greater prominence;

II. labial, bilabial, the tongue begins to move from an /u/-like
vowel with strongly rounded lips;

III. constructive, bicentral, velar, median
with a round narrowing;

IV. oral.

This sound is bicentral. The first, or prima­ry, focus is formed by the lips which are pro­truded and rounded. The second, or back secon­dary focus is formed by the back part of the tongue which is raised to the soft palate (velum). The flow of air passes out of the mouth cavity without any audible friction along the median line of the tongue, its sides being raised, and through the round narrowing formed by the protruded lips, which instantaneously part, The vocal cords vi­brate.

There is no similar sound in the system of Russian consonants.

¹ A. C. Gimson terms it a "semi-vowel" as well as /j/.

There is"Vdanger of confusing /w/ with /v/. This mistake is pho­nemic, because bilabial vs. Iabio-dental articulatory features in these two phonemes serve to differentiate the meaning of the words, e.g.

whale кит—veil вуаль west запад—vest нижняя со«

рочка; вставка

wine вино—vine виноградная worse хуже—verse стих лоза

Graphic Equivalents of the /w/ Phoneme

/w/ is pronounced when spelt:

w sweet /swi:t/—сладкий

wh why /wai/—почему, what /wiat/—что, which /ut|Y—какой

qu quite /kwait/—совсем, square /skwes/—площадь

su persuade /ps'sweid/—убеждать

And also in the words:

one /wah/—один, once /WAns/—однажды, choir /kwaia/—хор

/w/ is not pronounced:

(1) when followed by r:

write /rait/—писать, wrong /rug/—зло; неверно

(2) in the words:

who /hu:/—кто, whose /hu:z/—чей, чье, whom /hu:m/—кого, whole /haul/—целое, towards /to:dz, ta'woidz/—по направлению к, two /tu:/—два, twopence /iUp(3)ns/—два пенса, answer /lanss/ — ответ, sword /so:d/—меч:

(3) in the geographical names ending in -wich, -wick:
Greenwich /'grmicfe/—Гринвич, Chiswick /itfizik/—Чизик