VI. SYLLABLE - раздел Иностранные языки, Теоретическая фонетика английского языка Though The Basic Phonological Elements Are Phonemes, Human Intercommunicatio...
Though the basic phonological elements are phonemes, human intercommunication is actualized in syllables.
The syllable as a unit is difficult to define, though native speakers of a language are usually able to state how many syllables there are in a particular word.
According to J. Kenyon the syllable is one or more speech sounds, forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance, which may be a word, or a commonly recognized subdivision of a word.
The syllable can be a single word: chair /tfea/, a part of a word: English /'in-gliJV, a part of the grammatical form of a word: later /ilei-ta/.
The syllable can be analysed from the acoustic and auditory, ar-ticulatory and functional points of view. The syllable can be viewed in connection with its graphic representation.
Acoustically and auditorily the syllable is characterized by the force of utterance, or accent, pitch of the voice, sonority and length, that is by prosodic features.
Acoustic properties of syllables are studied with the help of intono-graph and spectrograph. Electroacoustic analysis made it possible to formulate some rules of syllable division (see below). Spectrograms of Russian ГС syllabic structures show, that such syllables are characterized by some noise in the beginning of the vowel and by a vowel-like termination of the consonant: СГСГ, it is of great importance for syllable division.
Auditorily the syllable is the smallest unit of perception: the listener identifies the whole of the syllable and only after that the sounds contained.
The articulatory energy which constitutes the syllable results from the combined action of the power, vibrator, resonator and ob-structor mechanisms.
Phonological! у the syllable is regarded and defined in terms of its structural and functional properties.
Syllables in writing are called syllabographs and are closely connected with the morphemic structure of words.
A syllable can be formed by a vowel: (V) in English, (Г) in Russian; by a vowel and a consonant: (VC) in English, (ГС) in Russian; by a consonant and a sonorant (CS).
Г, V — types of syllable called uncovered open,
ГС, VC — types of syllable called uncovered closed,
СГС, CVC — types of syllable called covered closed,
СГ, CV — types of syllable called covered open.
G. P. Torsuyev suggests a differentiation of the following types of syllabic structures:
Г, V type: fully open,
СГС, CVC type: fully closed,
СГ, CV type: initially covered,
ГС, VG type: finally covered.
The structure of the English and Russian syllable is similar.
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VI. SYLLABLE
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I. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF PHONETICS
The significance of language and speech becomes quite clear from the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism who defined language as the most important means of human intercourse, and stated that
ACOUSTIC ASPECT OP SPEECH SOUNDS
Speech sounds have a number of physical properties, the firsf of them is frequency, i.e. the number of vibrations per second.
The vocal cords vibrate along the whole of their length, produ
ARTICULATORY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF SPEECH SOUNDS
To analyse a speech sound physiologically and articulatorily some
clataonthearticulatory mechanism and its work should be introduced.
Speech is impossible without the following fo
Ts> 5/.
— the use of the labio-dental /v, b/ instead of the bilabial /w/,
— absence of aspiration in /p, t, k/ when they occur initially,
— weak pronunciation of voiceless fortis /p, t
ARTICULATORY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH VOWELS
The first linguist who tried to describe and classify vowel sounds for all languages was D. Jones. He devised the system of 8 Cardinal Vowels. The basis of the system is physiological. Cardinal vow
Position of the Soft Palate
This principle of consonant classification provides the basis for the following distinctive oppositions. Oral vs. nasal
pit — pin seek — seen thieve — theme sick — sing 60
CONSONANT PHONEMES. DESCRIPTION OF PRINCIPAL VARIANTS
Strictly speaking, it is impossible to give an exact and detailed description of a sound within the limits of a short definition, because not a single sound is pronounced identically even twice. So
S — f/, /z — v/.
3. Define the consonant phonemes /9, Э/.
*4. Read these words, spell them and translate them into Russian.
0m —sin 9ik —tik hi:0 —hi:t mAn8s
9ik — sik 6o:t — to:t Ьэ
VOWEL PHONEMES. DESCRIPTION OF-PRINCIPAL VARIANTS
a) Monophthongs, cr Simple Vowels
Vowels are best of all learnt when the teacher directs-the-attention of the pupils to the position of the tongue and the lips.The description of the vowe
No. 4 Ы
1. Ann and Mary were happy in their ntw hats. 2. The fact is Mother packed the sandwiches herself. 3, He waved his hand back to> her till he hit his hand on the back edge. 4. She'd have gladly
SUBSIDIARY VARIANTS OF THE ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEMES
a) Unchecked and Checked Vowels
Allophonic differences in the vowel system of the English language are conditioned by their distributional characteristics. All of them may occur in initial
No. 6 hi
d&bh^hW??' S0Ud> nod^> crop' с , dollar, bomb, John, gone, yonder, hot
ASSIMILATION
In the process of speech, that is in the process of transition from the articulatory work of one sound to the articulatory work of the neighbouring one, sounds are modified. These modifications ca
ELISION
Elision can be historical and contemporary.
English spelling is full of "silent" letters which bear witness to historical elision, e.g. walk /wo:k/, knee /ni:/,
Control Tasks
1. Read the words, observe fhe stronger aspiration of/p, t, k/ before long vow els and diphthongs. Compare with the Russian /п, т, к/ pronounced with out aspiration.
port tar car
V. ENGLISH PHONEMES IN WRITING
Language performs its function as a means.of intercommunication not only in oral but also in written form. Therefore it is important to establish the relationship between orthography and pronunci
Fill in the blanks with fhe appropriate homophone.
(sealing, ceiling) 1. We had difficulty in ... the leak. 2. The spidermade its web on the ... . 3. The ... of the гост is high.
(sole, soul) 1. My old boots need new .... 2. He was the...
THEORIES OF.SYLLABLE FORMATjQN AND SYLLABLE DIVISION
There are different points of view on syllable formation which are briefly the following.
1. The most ancient theory states that there are as many sylla bles in a word as there are vo
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYLLABLE
The syllable as a phonological unit performs three functions: constitutive, distinctive, identificatory. They are closely connected.
1. Constitutive Function
Syllables constitute
VIII. STRONG ANDWEAK FORMS.UNSTRESSED VOCALISM
In actual speech there is a great number of words which are pronounced in the weak or contracted form. They are more common than non-contracted or full forms. It applies to all styles and differen
PAUSATION AND TAMBER
Pausation is closely connected with the other components of intonation. The number and the length of pauses affect the general tempo of speech. A slower tempo makes the utterance more prominent an
STYLISTIC USE OF INTONATION
There are five verbal functional styles (also referred to as registers or discourses): 1. the belles-lettres style, 2. publicistic style, 3. newspaper style, 4. scientific prose style, 5. the styl
X. RECEIVED AND GENERAL AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION
The English language is spoken in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand and the greater part of Canada. It is native to many who live in India, Israel, Malta and Ceyl
THE STfSTEM OF AMERICAN ENGLISH CONSONANTS
The total number of RP and GA consonants differ in one phoneme, it is the GA /W. The rest of the RP and GA inventory of consonant phonemes coincides.
The main peculiarities in the pronunci
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