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FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYLLABLE

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FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYLLABLE

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYLLABLE - раздел Иностранные языки, Теоретическая фонетика английского языка The Syllable As A Phonological Unit Performs Three Functions: Constitutive, D...

The syllable as a phonological unit performs three functions: constitutive, distinctive, identificatory. They are closely connected.

1. Constitutive Function

Syllables constitute words, phrases and sentences through the combination of their prosodic features: loudness — stress, pitch — tone, duration — length and tempo. Syllables may be stressed, unstressed,, high, mid, low, rising, falling, long, short. All these prosodic features constitute the stress pattern of words, tonal and rhythmic structure of an utterance, help to perform distinctive variations on the syllabic level.

2. Distinctive and Differentiator^ Function

If we compare the words: lightening освещение and lightning молния, we may observe that their syllabicity is the only minimal, distinctive feature: /Uaitfltn vs. Uaitnm/.

It is an example of the word-distinctive function of the syllabicity of /n/.

There are rather many combinations in English distinguished from each other by means of the difference in the place ol the syllabic boundary: a name—an aim, ice cream—/ scream, we loan— we'll own: /ataeim/—/an leim/, /iais'kri:m/—/ai iskrhm/, /wi- Uaun/— ,/wil isun/.

The distinctive, differentiator function of the syllabic boundary makes it possible to introduce the term "juncture". Close juncture or conjuncture occurs between sounds within one syllable, e.g. a name, I scream: in the first example the close juncture is between In! and /ei/, in the second — between /s/ and /k/. Open juncture, disjuncture, or internal open juncture occurs between two syllables. If we mark open juncture with /-f / then in our examples it will occur between a +mme, I + scream. American scientists H. A. Gleason, L. S. Har-

ris and K. Pike consider the open juncture a separate segmental phoneme. They include /+/ into the inventory of phonemes as a separate differentiatory unit.

3. Identificatory Function

This function is conditioned by the pronunciation of the speaker. The listener can understand the exact meaning of the utterance only if he perceives the correct syllabic boundary — "syllabodisjuncture", e.g. pea stalks стеблу гороха—peace talks мирные переговоры; my train мой поезд — might rain возможен дождь.

The existence of such pairs demands special attention to teaching not only the correct pronunciation of sounds but also the observation of the correct place for syllabodisjuncture.

GRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYLLABLE

The auditory image of a syllable can be shown in transcription: unknown /1лп-1пзип/, liner /Uai-пэ/, maker /imet-кэ/. Parts of orthographic and phonetic syllables do not always coincide. E. g.

Word Phonetic syllables Orthographic syllables

(Syllabographs)

table	/Itei-bl/	ta-ble
laden	/Uei-dn/	la-den
Spanish	/fspga-nij/	Span-ish

It is very important to observe correct syllable division when necessity arises to divide a word in writing. Division of words into syllables in writing (syllabographs) is based on morphological principles. The morphological principle of word division in orthography demands that the part of a word, which is separated, should be either a prefix, or a suffix, or a root (morphograph): un-divided, utter-ance, pun-ish_s be-fore.

However, if there are two or three consonants before -ing, these consonants may be separated in writing, e. g. gras-ping, puz-zling.

Words can be divided in writing according to their syllabic structure, e. g. un-kind'U-ness. They can also be divided according to their meaning, e.g. spot-light.

There are six rules to help with dividing a word in writing:

1) Never divide a word within a syllable.

2) Never divide an ending (a suffix) of two syllables such as -able,
-ably, -fully.

3) With the exception of -ly, never divide a word so that an end
ing of two letters such as -ed, -er, -ic begins the next line.

4) Never divide a word so that one of the parts is a single letter.

5) Never divide a word of one syllable.

6) Never divide a word of less than five letters.¹

If we compare the system of syllable division and syllable forma-

¹ Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary ofi Current English by A. S. Hornby — Moscow, 1982,— P. XIV.

tion in Russian and in English, we can draw the following conclusions:

1) Similar syllabic structural types can be found in both languages.

2) In both languages the single intervocal consonant between two
phonetic syllables belongs to the next vowel:

morning /lfflo:-mn/—мо-ре

cozy /'кэи-zi/—во-ля

occasi on /э-'ке1-зп/—вб-ло-ком

The checked vowels constitute an exception, e.g. city, pity.

There is a tendency in the Russian language to accomplish syllable division before a sound of minimal sonority, e. g. тол-па, мор'Ской^. конь-ки, боч-ка, etc.

3) All consonants may begin a syllable in English, the only ex
ception is the sound /rj/. In the system of the Russian language all
consonants may begin a syllable.

4) The structure of the Russian syllable is characterized by more
complex initial clusters. The structure of the English syllable is char
acterized by more complex final clusters.

5) Initial CCCC type clusters constitute syllables only in Russian.

6) Russian words of foreign origin with the suffixes -ция, -ия,
corresponding to English words with the suffixes -tion, -y, have one
extra syllable: революция — revolution, тенденция — tendency.

7) English diphthortgsjDelong to one syllable, triphthongs may be
divided into two parts.

Questions

1. What is a syllable? 2, What are the lines along which a syllable can be analysed? 3. What is the structure of the syllable? 4. Define the peak and the slopes of the syllable. 5. "What is the role of sonorants-in syllable formation? 6. What do you know about different structural types of the syllable? 7. What do you know about structural differences of English and Russian syllables? 8. Speak on the theories-of syllable formation. 9. What do you know about syllable division?' 10. How does the syllable perform constitutive and distinctive functions? 11. What is "disjuncture" ("internal open juncture"), "close-juncture" ("conjuncture")? 12. Give examples to prove the importance-of the ident'iflcatory function öf the disjuncture. 13. What are the* principal differences of syllable formation and syllable division in; English and in Russian?

Exercises

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I. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF PHONETICS
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ACOUSTIC ASPECT OP SPEECH SOUNDS
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ARTICULATORY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF SPEECH SOUNDS
To analyse a speech sound physiologically and articulatorily some clataonthearticulatory mechanism and its work should be introduced. Speech is impossible without the following fo

DIFFERENCES IN THE ARTICULATION BASES OF THE ENGLISH AND RUSSJAN CONSONANTS AND THEIR PECULIARITIES
The differences in the articulation bases between the two languages-are "in the general tendencies their native speakers have, in the-way they move and hold their lips and the tongue both in s

Ts> 5/.
— the use of the labio-dental /v, b/ instead of the bilabial /w/, — absence of aspiration in /p, t, k/ when they occur initially, — weak pronunciation of voiceless fortis /p, t

Read these Russian and English words. Avoid palatalization of English initial consonants before the front vowels /h, t, e, ei/.
пей—pay бил —bill Вил —veal сед —said Пит—pit сил —sill Фили—feeling лес —less кит—kit ■ зил —zeal бел —bell бег —beg гей —gay сел —sell тип —tip нет —net

ARTICULATORY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH VOWELS
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DIFFERENCES IN THE^ARTICULATION BASES OF ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN jVOWELS
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Each minimal pair exemplifies a possible consonant opposition
/m/ /w/ /f/ /v/ /e/ /a/ /t/ /d/ /n/ pike— pen— pine— pan— pin— pine— pin— park— piece- mike when fine van thin thine tin dark niece boss— bind— boot— ban— brash— b

Read aloud the minimal pairs below. Single out the phonemes which are contrasted.
jug—bug led—laid lay—He judge—budge men—main say—sigh birch—-bird singe—sinned keen—coin try—Troy bays—buys lied—Lloyd burn—bone fork—folk fawn—phone fur

Position of the Soft Palate
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CONSONANT PHONEMES. DESCRIPTION OF PRINCIPAL VARIANTS
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S — f/, /z — v/.
3. Define the consonant phonemes /9, Э/. *4. Read these words, spell them and translate them into Russian. 0m —sin 9ik —tik hi:0 —hi:t mAn8s 9ik — sik 6o:t — to:t Ьэ

VOWEL PHONEMES. DESCRIPTION OF-PRINCIPAL VARIANTS
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Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the hi phoneme to orthography.
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No. 4 Ы
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SUBSIDIARY VARIANTS OF THE ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEMES
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No. 6 hi
d&bh^hW??' S0Ud> nod^> crop' с , dollar, bomb, John, gone, yonder, hot

ASSIMILATION
In the process of speech, that is in the process of transition from the articulatory work of one sound to the articulatory work of the neighbouring one, sounds are modified. These modifications ca

ELISION
Elision can be historical and contemporary. English spelling is full of "silent" letters which bear witness to historical elision, e.g. walk /wo:k/, knee /ni:/,

Control Tasks
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V. ENGLISH PHONEMES IN WRITING
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Fill in the blanks with fhe appropriate homophone.
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Learn the extracts by heart. They illustrate difficulties of English pronunciation. Transcribe these extracts.
Blood and flood are not like food Nor it mould like should and would Banquet is not nearly parquet Which is said to rhyme with "darky". Rounded, wounded; grieve and sleeve Friend

VI. SYLLABLE
Though the basic phonological elements are phonemes, human intercommunication is actualized in syllables. The syllable as a unit is difficult to define, though native speakers of a langua

THEORIES OF.SYLLABLE FORMATjQN AND SYLLABLE DIVISION
There are different points of view on syllable formation which are briefly the following. 1. The most ancient theory states that there are as many sylla bles in a word as there are vo

Put down stress marks in the sentences below. Translate them into Russian-
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In actual speech there is a great number of words which are pronounced in the weak or contracted form. They are more common than non-contracted or full forms. It applies to all styles and differen

PAUSATION AND TAMBER
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STYLISTIC USE OF INTONATION
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Read these jokes. Define what intonation patterns should be used to convey humour.
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Read these texts as if you were readinglthem to a) children; b) students. Learn the poem by heart.
a) The Rooster by Hilda I. Rostron What would we do, I'd like to know, Without that bird That loves to crow? Who wakes him up, I'd like to know, To tell him when I

X. RECEIVED AND GENERAL AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION
The English language is spoken in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand and the greater part of Canada. It is native to many who live in India, Israel, Malta and Ceyl

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The Tongue and Lip Positions of the American English Vowels
High i '<> - 'S- т5 *Л 3 ■ О. -О з г Mid В.* 2 ■ -щ б

Comparative Chart of Vowel Phonemes in Canadian English, General American and RP
CE GA RP Examples i i к Seat e, e