— devoicing of voiced /b, d, g, v, 3, z, g, djj/ in the terminal position,
Questions
1. What are the mechanisms fort ha production of speech sounds?
2, What are the four main principles of consonant classification?
3, What are the differences in the second principle of consonant clas sification according to Soviet and foreign linguists? 4. How are the consonants subdivided according to the third principle? 5. What are the subgroups of the noise consonants and sonorants within the groups of the occlusive and constrictive consonants and what is the contro versy about them? 6. How are the consonants subdivided according to the noise producing foci and the shape of the narrowing? 7. What do you know about the groups of the affricates and rolled consonants? 8. What are the principal differences in the articulation bases of the English and Russian consonants? 9. What mistakes result from the differences in the articulation bases of the English and Russian con sonants?
Exercises
1, Draw diagrams of_the four speech producing mechanisms.
2, Explain the work of the four mechanisms in the production of speech sounds,
*3. Explain the articulation of /p, t, k/ and /b, d, q/ from the viewpoint of the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation.
*4. Explain the articulation of /mt n, n/ from the point of view of the position of the soft palate.
*S. State the difference in the articulation of /b, v, f/ and the Russian /p/ from the point of view of the manner of noise production.
*6. Explain the articulation of /w, j, h/ from the viewpoint of the active organ of speech.
7. Draw figures of the position of the tip of the tongue in the articulation of the Russian hi, English /t, r/ and the Russian /p/7
*8. Explain the articulation of/s/ and lit from the viewpoint of noise producing foci.
9. Draw figures to show the position of the tongue in the production of front secondary and back secondary foci.
*10. Transcribe these words and read them. Observe the aspiration of the" initial /p, t, k/.
people
paper
purpose
possible
put
pence
Pity
poor
pieces
port
penny
take
time
town
ties
tennis
took
taxis
till
teachers
turned
total
toss
tin
tons
courts
cold
careful
car
cook
covered
cost
kissed
campus
curtly
cottage
currents
colour
И. Read these words. Observe the apical and cacuminal positions of the tip of the tongue in pronouncing the English it, r/ and the dorsal in pronouncing the Russian hi.
I. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF PHONETICS
The significance of language and speech becomes quite clear from the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism who defined language as the most important means of human intercourse, and stated that
ACOUSTIC ASPECT OP SPEECH SOUNDS
Speech sounds have a number of physical properties, the firsf of them is frequency, i.e. the number of vibrations per second.
The vocal cords vibrate along the whole of their length, produ
ARTICULATORY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF SPEECH SOUNDS
To analyse a speech sound physiologically and articulatorily some
clataonthearticulatory mechanism and its work should be introduced.
Speech is impossible without the following fo
ARTICULATORY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH VOWELS
The first linguist who tried to describe and classify vowel sounds for all languages was D. Jones. He devised the system of 8 Cardinal Vowels. The basis of the system is physiological. Cardinal vow
Position of the Soft Palate
This principle of consonant classification provides the basis for the following distinctive oppositions. Oral vs. nasal
pit — pin seek — seen thieve — theme sick — sing 60
CONSONANT PHONEMES. DESCRIPTION OF PRINCIPAL VARIANTS
Strictly speaking, it is impossible to give an exact and detailed description of a sound within the limits of a short definition, because not a single sound is pronounced identically even twice. So
S — f/, /z — v/.
3. Define the consonant phonemes /9, Э/.
*4. Read these words, spell them and translate them into Russian.
0m —sin 9ik —tik hi:0 —hi:t mAn8s
9ik — sik 6o:t — to:t Ьэ
VOWEL PHONEMES. DESCRIPTION OF-PRINCIPAL VARIANTS
a) Monophthongs, cr Simple Vowels
Vowels are best of all learnt when the teacher directs-the-attention of the pupils to the position of the tongue and the lips.The description of the vowe
No. 4 Ы
1. Ann and Mary were happy in their ntw hats. 2. The fact is Mother packed the sandwiches herself. 3, He waved his hand back to> her till he hit his hand on the back edge. 4. She'd have gladly
SUBSIDIARY VARIANTS OF THE ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEMES
a) Unchecked and Checked Vowels
Allophonic differences in the vowel system of the English language are conditioned by their distributional characteristics. All of them may occur in initial
No. 6 hi
d&bh^hW??' S0Ud> nod^> crop' с , dollar, bomb, John, gone, yonder, hot
ASSIMILATION
In the process of speech, that is in the process of transition from the articulatory work of one sound to the articulatory work of the neighbouring one, sounds are modified. These modifications ca
ELISION
Elision can be historical and contemporary.
English spelling is full of "silent" letters which bear witness to historical elision, e.g. walk /wo:k/, knee /ni:/,
Control Tasks
1. Read the words, observe fhe stronger aspiration of/p, t, k/ before long vow els and diphthongs. Compare with the Russian /п, т, к/ pronounced with out aspiration.
port tar car
V. ENGLISH PHONEMES IN WRITING
Language performs its function as a means.of intercommunication not only in oral but also in written form. Therefore it is important to establish the relationship between orthography and pronunci
Fill in the blanks with fhe appropriate homophone.
(sealing, ceiling) 1. We had difficulty in ... the leak. 2. The spidermade its web on the ... . 3. The ... of the гост is high.
(sole, soul) 1. My old boots need new .... 2. He was the...
VI. SYLLABLE
Though the basic phonological elements are phonemes, human intercommunication is actualized in syllables.
The syllable as a unit is difficult to define, though native speakers of a langua
THEORIES OF.SYLLABLE FORMATjQN AND SYLLABLE DIVISION
There are different points of view on syllable formation which are briefly the following.
1. The most ancient theory states that there are as many sylla bles in a word as there are vo
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYLLABLE
The syllable as a phonological unit performs three functions: constitutive, distinctive, identificatory. They are closely connected.
1. Constitutive Function
Syllables constitute
VIII. STRONG ANDWEAK FORMS.UNSTRESSED VOCALISM
In actual speech there is a great number of words which are pronounced in the weak or contracted form. They are more common than non-contracted or full forms. It applies to all styles and differen
PAUSATION AND TAMBER
Pausation is closely connected with the other components of intonation. The number and the length of pauses affect the general tempo of speech. A slower tempo makes the utterance more prominent an
STYLISTIC USE OF INTONATION
There are five verbal functional styles (also referred to as registers or discourses): 1. the belles-lettres style, 2. publicistic style, 3. newspaper style, 4. scientific prose style, 5. the styl
X. RECEIVED AND GENERAL AMERICAN PRONUNCIATION
The English language is spoken in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand and the greater part of Canada. It is native to many who live in India, Israel, Malta and Ceyl
THE STfSTEM OF AMERICAN ENGLISH CONSONANTS
The total number of RP and GA consonants differ in one phoneme, it is the GA /W. The rest of the RP and GA inventory of consonant phonemes coincides.
The main peculiarities in the pronunci
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