Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное агентство по образованию
Южно-Уральский государственный университет
Кафедра английского языка
Ш143.21-9
Б869
Т.А. Бояльская, И.А. Шондина, Е.В. Бабенкова
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебное пособие
Для студентов физико-металлургического факультета
Челябинск
Издательство ЮУрГУ
ББК Ш143.21-923
Бояльская Т.А., Шондина И.А., Бабенкова Е.В. Английский язык: Учебное пособие для студентов физико-металлургического факультета – Челябинск: Изд-во ЮУрГУ, 2006. – 100 с.
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов физико-металлургического факультета. Основная задача пособия – закрепление лексико-грамматического материала и подготовка студентов к самостоятельному чтению оригинальной литературы по специальности с минимальным использованием словаря.
Пособие состоит из тематических циклов. Текстовый материал каждого цикла предназначен для развития навыков просмотрового, ознакомительного и изучающего чтения, а также для развития навыков устной речи и перевода.
К каждому тексту подобраны задания на понимание текста, позволяющие наиболее полно закрепить изученный текст, сведения, в нем содержащиеся, также лексику данного тематического цикла. Лексико-грамматические задания направлены на закрепление грамматического материала, повторение способов словообразования, сочетаемости слов и их многозначности.
Ил. 3,
Список лит. – 3 назв.
Одобрено учебно-методической комиссией факультета лингвистики.
Рецензенты: Л.М. Ковтунович, М.Г. Федотова.
© Издательство ЮУрГУ, 2006.
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ СТУДЕНТАМ
1. Обратите особое внимание на предлагаемые упражнения по разделам грамматики и словообразования. Они помогут Вам усвоить то или иное грамматическое или лексическое явление.
2. Незнакомый материал заучивайте. Для лучшего усвоения лексики обязательно ведите словарь, в который выписывайте как новые слова, данные до текста, так и незнакомые Вам слова из текстов. Слова заучивайте, обращая внимание на их правильное произношение и написание, а также на их сочетаемость с предлогами и другими словами.
3. При работе над текстом прочитайте его несколько раз (2, 3) для общего понимания содержания, разбейте его на основные смысловые группы и обязательно выполните все задания по тексту.
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Unit 7
Unit 8
Unit 9
Unit 10
Unit 11
Unit 12
Unit 13
Unit 14
Unit 15
Unit 16
Unit 17
Unit 18
Unit 19
Cold Working and Cold Working Processes.
Characteristics of oxy-fuel combustion.
The many potential benefits that oxy-fuel combustion offers can be attributed to two fundamental improvements. Firstly there is a dramatic improvement in the thermal efficiency of the furnace as a result of reduced energy losses via the exhaust gases. Secondly, radiant heat transfer efficiency is increased due to the improved radiant heat transfer characteristics inherent in oxy-fuel combustion.
Sustainable development.
The European steel industry is committed to sustainable development and a continuous improvement of its environmental performance, and it has an excellent track record in this respect. Large reductions of emissions have been made during the last few decades, and energy and raw material use is highly efficient.
Steel is one of the world's most recycled materials. The use of ferrous scrap as a raw material helps in preserving natural resources and contributes significantly to a sustainable development. Recycling of steel allows the saving world-wide of about 600 million tonnes of iron ore and 200 million tonnes of coke each year. About 47 percent of EU steel production is made from recycled scrap.
EU & national policies.
Eurofer believes that policies and measures, whether EU or national, should satisfy the following requirements to be effective in supporting the steel industry's efforts to improve its energy efficiency further:
– they should deliver the environmental objective in the most economical way.
– they should not damage the competitiveness of the industry.
– they should not place a cap on the expansion, volume, or added value of the sector.
– they should provide flexibility so that the sector, and individual companies in the sector, can pursue those options most suited to its own circumstances in a market-based environment.
– they should take account of past achievements towards a high-energy efficiency.
Subsidiarity should apply, because circumstances differ from one Member State to another.
Energy tax.
As shown by a recent consultant report for the European Commission, an energy tax is unlikely to result in any appreciable reduction of CO2, emissions in the steel industry. The effect of an energy tax on the industry would be to push up input costs, reduce funds available for investments and R&D for improvement of energy efficiency; and increase the probability of relocation of steel production to non-EU countries not signatories to the Kyoto Protocol.
Unrealistic targets.
If EU steel producers are subjected to unrealistic targets regarding energy efficiency or CO2, emissions, in the short term there is a great risk that they will lose business to non-EU competitors, who may not be subject to any CO2, emission limitations. The net result could therefore be an increase of global CO2, emissions.
In a longer time perspective, EU steel producers may have to move production to countries not subject to emission limitations, either by relocation of their own production units or by increased purchases of semi-finished steel such as slabs, again with a possible net increase of global CO2 emissions.
Voluntary agreements.
Eurofer supports the idea of so called, voluntary or negotiated agreements at national level. Because of the investment time scales in the sector and because of the limits on improvements in energy efficiency, such agreements are best considered in a timeframe of a few decades.
Currently, the steel industries in six Member States are covered by agreements, i.e. Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg, The Netherlands and, most recently, UK, This implies about 60% of European output is covered.
Flexible Kyoto mechanisms.
Eurofer supports the Kyoto flexible mechanisms for countries to meet their Kyoto targets. If governments determine that targets arc needed for individual companies, Eurofer supports the use of the Clean Development Mechanism, Joint.
Implementation, and Emissions Trading as flexible means to help companies achieve their targets.
The system for initial allocation of emission allowances is critical. The global competitiveness of the steel industry must be a key consideration. The initial allocation of emission allowances could be made by benchmarking combined with negotiated agreements at national level or other methods seen as equitable by the companies concerned.
Emission allocations.
The most appropriate and fair allocation mechanism seems to be based on benchmarking of the cost-effective technological performance of a certain installation or plant. It should be based on an integrated consideration of the technological capabilities of a particular installation, taking into consideration only techniques with an acceptable payback time on a site-specific basis. Due to the nature of the process, it is almost impossible to reduce the CO2, generated by the metallurgical reduction process. This must be considered in the allocation of allowances.
Allowances should always be issued free of charge. The introduction of additional charges is comparable with taxation. This will artificially drive up the price of the allowances. Eco-taxation and Emissions Trading are incompatible. Banking of allowances should be allowed.
Unrealistic targets.
Due to the extensive past developments of the metallurgical reduction process and the energy efficiency improvement, the steel industry in Europe has little potential for further CO2, reduction. If EU steel producers were to be subject to unrealistic CO2, targets, they would be forced to buy allowances.
Absolute caps will seriously limit the production capacity of the industry. In addition, the incentives to reduce emissions per tonne of steel with decreasing production would be lost. The steel industry wants to have the option of targets being set as relative or specific targets expressed in tonnes of CO2, per unit of production. The total needed allowances can easily be derived from these specific targets and the actual production. The difference between the number of allowances and the actual emission expressed in absolute quantities of CO2, (tonnes) could be free for trading or banking.
Liquidity of the market
The success of economic or market instruments like Emissions Trading is depending on liquidity of the market. The liquidity of the market should be increased as much as possible. All Greenhouse gases which can be quantified in a likewise manner should be within the scope. In principle, all industry should be allowed to participate. Entrance of other sources could be considered. Opening the market to individuals and/or NGO's will diminish the amount of allowances, consequently increase demand and this will raise the price of allowances.
Trading & IPPC.
The relation between the Emissions Trading and the existing Integrated Pollution Prevention Control (IPPC) directive 96/61/EC is not clear. If the connection is purely based on the intention to decrease the bureaucratic burden, it seems legitimate. However, the mere nature of both directives is completely incompatible. IPPC is intended to make an integrated assessment to help in providing a permit for industrial activities forcing those industries to implement Best Available Techniques (BAT), while taking cost effectiveness and local conditions into consideration. Emissions Trading has a contrary goal leaving the possibility to implement BAT completely open to the market situation. This will become even more obvious when the scope of the trading proposal is extended to other gases. IPPC should be amended in such a way that not implementing BAT for energy efficiency and the non CO, greenhouse gases is acceptable under Emissions Trading circumstances.
Monitoring & verification.
In Emission Trading, CO2, and other greenhouse gases become a commodity, which is worth money. It is absolutely necessary that these gases should be quantified in a uniform and standardized matter. The monitoring, reporting and verification requirements (MRV) aspects of CO2, emissions are not well elaborated and clearly underestimated and will introduce a serious burden for industry. Specific monitoring problems exist in different industries. The guidelines for this quantification should be developed in close cooperation with industry and not left to Committees.
Optimising variables.
Setting up a hot roll lubrication system for a particular mill takes time and dedication in order to optimize the many variables and tailor it for the circumstances. But for those serious about overall cost reduction achieved by greater uptime, lower operating costs and improved quality, then time spent in doing this time is well spent.
Saving of hundreds of thousands of dollars arc being made once the lubrication system is optimized.
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК
1. Пособие по английскому языку для металлургических вузов/ К.А. Журкина, И.В. Иванова, Т.Т. Кривошеина и др. – М.: Изд-во «Высшая школа»,1989 – 151 с.
2. Англо-русский словарь по прокатке металлов/ Составитель Г.М. Саксонов. – М.: ФИЗМАТГИЗ, 1963. – 200 с.
3. Англо-русский металлургический словарь/ Н.И. Перлов, А.И Истеев, В.А. Тюрин и др. – М.: Рус. яз. 1985 – 841 с.
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ
Fig.1. Section through 25–ton acid Bessemer converter
A – Tilting Motor B – Gears
C – Counterweight D – Connecting Rod
E – Stationary Holders F – Bus Bars
G – Electrode Holders H – Motor for Electrode Control
J – Spout K – Molten Metal
Magnesite Brick Silica Brick
Magnesite Bottom
Fig.3. Basic electric–arc melting furnace
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
Методические рекомендации студентам.................................................................3
Unit 1. My Speciallity……….……………………………………………………….4
Unit 2. Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals. Alloys…………………………………....8
Unit 3. Iron and Iron Ores………….……………………………………………….11
Unit 4. Grey Cast Iron……………..……………………………………………….15
Unit 5. Casting……..……………………………………………………………….18
Unit 6. Metals and Non-Metals…………..………………...………………………22
Unit 7. Corrosion…………………………………………………………………...26
Unit 8. The Iron Blast Furnace…………… ……………………………………….30
Unit 9. Bessemer Converter…………..……………………………………………34
Unit 10. Open-Hearth Furnace…………..…………………………………………39
Unit 11. Electric Furnace………….……………………………………………….43
Unit 12. Continuous Casting of Steel………………………………………………47
Unit 13. Types of Mills……….……………………………………………………51
Unit 14. The Physics and Chemistry of Metallurgy………………….……………56
Unit 15. Relation of Metallurgy to Physics and Chemistry………………………..60
Unit 16. Protection of Steel from Corrosion…………………..……………………64
Unit 17. Induction Furnaces. Puddling Furnaces ………………..………………...69
Unit 18. Problems of Automation of Blast Furnace…………………….………….73
Unit 19. Cold Working. Cold Working Processes.
Hot Working. Hot Working Processes……………………………………78
Тексты для дополнительного чтения…………………………………………….83
Список сокращений……………………………………………………………….95
Библиографический список………………………………………………………96
Приложение……………………………………………………………..…………97
РЕЦЕНЗИЯ
на учебное пособие "Английский язык. Учебное пособие
для студентов физико-математического факультета".
Составители: Т.А. Бояльская, И.А. Шондина, Е.В. Бабенкова.
Учебное пособие включает тексты, тематический словарь, лексические и грамматические упражнения. Тематика предлагаемых текстов отражает основные разделы металлургии. Составители предлагают продуманную и развернутую систему упражнений, направленную на отработку и закрепление пройденного материала.
Пособие разработано в соответствии с требованиями образовательного стандарта и рабочей программы и содержит материал для контроля усвоения дисциплины, ориентированный на самостоятельную работу студентов.
В связи с потребностью в современном учебном материале по данной дисциплине, считаю издание такого пособия актуальным. Считаю, что учебное пособие может быть полезно для студентов физико-металлургического факультета всех форм обучения.
Рекомендую данное учебное пособие к изданию.
Доцент, кандидат пед. наук Федотова М.Г.
ЧГПУ