Types of Mills - раздел Иностранные языки, АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК The Three Principal Types Of Rolling Mills Used For The Rolling Of Steel Are ...
The three principal types of rolling mills used for the rolling of steel are referred to as "two-high", "three-high", and "four-high mills". As the names indicate, the classification is based on the manner of arranging the rolls in the housings, a two-high stand consisting of two rolls, one above the other; a three-high mill has three rolls, and a four-high mill has four rolls, arranged similarly. When rolling is in one direction only on two-high mills, and the piece is returned over the top of the rolls to be rerolled in the next pass, the mill is known as "a pull-over" or "drag-over mill". This type of mill formerly was used mainly for production of light sheets and tin plate; it still is used for rolling of tool and high-alloy steels. On two-high reversing mills, the direction of rotation of the rolls can be reversed, and rolling is alternately in opposite directions, with work done on the piece while travelling in each direction. The reversing two-high type of mill occupies an important position in the industry and, with the use of manipulators, it is possible to produce on it slabs, blooms, plates, billets, rounds, and partially-formed sections suitable for later rolling into finished shapes on other mills. In all three-high mills, each roll revolves continuously in one direction; the top and bottom rolls in the same direction and the middle roll in the opposite direction. The piece is lifted from the bottom pass to the return top pass by mechanically-operated lift tables. Usually the large top and bottom rolls are driven, while the smaller middle roll is friction driven. This latter roll is about two-thirds the size of the other two rolls in order to permit removal through the housing windows. Four-high mills are used for rolling flat material, like sheets and plates, and represent a special type of two-high mill for both hot and cold rolling, in which large backing-up rolls are employed to reinforce the smaller working rolls. The use of four-high mills resists the tendency of long working rolls to deflect and permits the use of small-diameter working rolls for producing wide plates, and hot- or cold-rolled strip and sheets of uniform gage. These mills often consist of a number of stands spaced closely together in one continuous line and are known as "tandem mills": the product passes in a straight line from one stand to the next. A continuous mill consists of several stands of rolls arranged in a straight line (in tandem). Each succeeding stand operates with roll surface speed greater than its predecessor. Reduction takes place at the same time until the piece emerges as a finished shape from the last roll stand. In cluster mills, each of the two working rolls is supported by two (or more) backing-up rolls. This latter type of mill is used for rolling of thin sheets.
Many of the accessories of rolling mills are common to all types of mills, differing in design and operations to conform with the conditions in a particular mill. In addition to the rolls, essential parts include the mill drive, lead spindle, pinions and their housings, spindles and coupling boxes, chock bearings, screws, edges, front and back mill tables, manipulators etc. The newer mills may be equipped also with various control devices, such as pressure meters and automatic roll-setting devices.
Дополнительные слова и словосочетания:
1) chock bearing – направляющий подшипник
2) a two-high (three-high, four-high) mill – двухвалковый стан (трех-,
четырехвалковый стан)
3) a pull-over or a drag-over mill – дуостан с приспособлением для
перекидки прокатного изделия
через верхний валок
4) a two-high reversing mill – двухвалковый реверсивный стан
5) backing-up rolls – опорные валки
6) tandem – тандем (последовательно
расположенный)
7) roll surface speed – скорость прокатки
8) a cluster mill – многовалковый стан
9) control devices – контрольные приборы
10) automatic roll-setting devices – автоматическая установка валков
VII. Прочитайте текст и изложите основное содержание в 5-ти предложениях.
VIII. Укажите предложения, которые соответствуют содержанию текста.
1. This type of mill formerly was used mainly for production of light sheets and tin plate.
2. The quality of continuous cast material appears to be slightly superior to that produced by normal methods.
3. The newer mills may be equipped also with various control devices, such as pressure meters and automatic roll-setting devices.
4. Electrodes may be either graphite or amorphous carbon.
5. A continuous mill consists of several stands of rolls arranged in a straight line (in tandem).
IX. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу слова.
1. The piece is lifted from the … pass to the return … pass by mechanically-operated lift tables.
a) bottom; top;
b) furnace; electric current;
c) rockers; roof.
2. Reduction takes place at the same … until the piece … as a finished shape from the last roll stand.
a) place; of cast material;
b) age; cast ingot;
c) time; emerges.
3. Usually the large top and bottom rolls are …, while the smaller … roll is friction driven.
a) discarded; slabbing mill;
b) driven; middle
c) offers; billet.
4. The newer mills may be … also with various control devices, such as pressure meters and …. roll-setting devices.
a) rolled; process;
b) tapped; important;
c) equipped; automatic.
5. The use of four-high mills resists the … of long working rolls to deflect and permits the use of small-diameter … rolls.
a) process; casting;
b) tendency; working;
c) trace; sand casting.
X. Выберите из текста предложения в которых описывается двухвалковый реверсивный стан.
XI. Составьте план к тексту на русском языке.
XII. Прочтите данный текст и переведите его без использования словаря.
The original method of reducing the size of a piece of hot steel was by use of a hammer, which has long been the symbol of a blacksmith. In some of the early forges an enormous hammer head, fixed on a wooden shaft, was raised by water power and allowed to fall on the steel, which rested on a heavy anvil.
The first stage in the modern rolling mill is the rolling of white-hot ingots between special forged steel rolls. A huge piece of steel is brought to the shaping rolls over small power-driven rollers, and is carried through. The rolls are then made to rotate in the opposite direction, and the steel drawn back through them. The distance between the rolls must be carefully adjusted so as to reduce the thickness of the ingot as quickly as possible but without cracking or tearing it.
The steel at this stage is fairly soft, but can nevertheless be cracked if the reduction at one pass through the rolls is too great. When a certain amount of reduction has been achieved, say to 6-in. square or round pieces of steel, it is chopped into lengths (known as "billets") by means of a powerful guillotine, and then set on one side or immediately reheated for further processing.
Все темы данного раздела:
My Speciality
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) choose (chose,
chosen), v
– выбирать
2) daily, adj
My Speciality
There are many faculties in the South Urals State University. But those students who have chosen the career in metallurgy study at the Metallurgical department. I’m a student of the Metallurgical D
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals. Alloys
I. Повторите, запомните следующие слова:
1) appearance, n – внешний вид
2) compose, v – составлять
3) dense, a – плотный
4) feature, n – особенно
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals. Alloys
It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metals. It is diffi
Iron and Iron Ores
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) associate, v – соединять(ся)
2) as well as – также, а также
3) cheap, a – дешевый
4) cost, n – стоимость
5)
Iron and Iron Ores
Iron is the only metal that can be found in almost every part of the world. It’s the fourth element in abundance on the earth, being exceeded by oxygen, silicon and aluminum. It is the cheapest of
Grey Cast Iron
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) distribution, n – распределение, распространение
2) flake, n – чешуйка, хлопья (мн.ч.)
3) include, v – включать
4) s
Grey Cast Iron
Grey cast iron is one of the most valued of cast metals. It may be made by melting pig iron and scrap in the cheapest of melting processes, the cupola, and then cast into sand molds
Casting
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) accurate, a – точный
2) allow, v – позволять, разрешать
3) cavity, n – полость, пустота
4) hot, a – горячий
Casting
Casting is the oldest method of forming metals. Basically it consists of melting and pouring liquid metal into a cavity of the desired size and shape and allowing the metal to solidify. There are n
Metals and Non–Metals
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
1) alloying element – легирующий элемент
2) alkali metal – щелочной металл
3) base metal – основной металл
Metals and Non–Metals
Among the more obvious distinctions between different kinds of elements is that which divides metals and nonmetals. Metals are distinguished from nonmetals by their high conductivity for heat and e
Corrosion
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) damp air – влажный воздух
2) deposit, n – осадок, осаждать
3) destruction, n – разрушение
4) dilute,
Corrosion
It has long been known that metals can undergo changes in which they lose their characteristic properties; in most cases, the metal ceases to be an element, and becomes a compound. Iron exposed to
The Iron Blast Furnace
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) carry up, v – поднимать
2) consume, v – потреблять
3) drop, v – опускать
4) float, v – плавать
5) flow, n –
The Iron Blast Furnace
Pig iron is one of the most important materials produced in the metallurgical industry. It is generally produced from the iron ore by chemical reduction process of iron conducted in
Bessemer Converter
I. Повторите, запомните следующие слова:
1) affinity, n – сродство, родственность
2) capacity, n – емкость, мощность, производительность
3) interior, n – внутренность, вн
Bessemer Converter
Molten pig iron, gaseous oxygen and steel scrap are the main constituents for making steel in the converter. Pig iron contains carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulphur and silicon in
Open-Hearth Furnace
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) damper, n – заглушка
2) capacity, n, v – емкость, производительность
3) checkerwork, n – насадка
4) combustion, n –
Open-Hearth Furnace
The phenomenal success of the Bessemer process attracted many other inventors to the study of new and improved methods of steelmaking. The only process which was destined to become a rival of the B
Electric Furnace
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) accomplish, v – совершать, выполнять
2) advantage, n – преимущество, польза
3) arc, n – дуга
4) conductor, n – прово
Electric Furnace
Numerous types of furnaces utilizing electric current as the source of heat have been developed by a large number of investigators, but relatively few types have survived as practic
Continuous Casting of Steel
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) apply, v – применять, прикладывать
2) completely, adv – совершенно, полностью
3) conventional, adj – общепринятый, стандартны
Continuous Casting of Steel
Continuous casting as at present applied to the production of steel may be defined as a process in which liquid metal is poured into an open-ended mould, from the lower end of which a partially sol
Types of Mills
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) accessories, n – принадлежности, арматура
2) billet, n – заготовка, сутунка
3) blooms, n – блюм, стальная болванка
4
The Physics and Chemistry of Metallurgy
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) fundamentals, n – основы
2) matter, n – материя, вещество,
3) correlation, n – соотношение
4. to reveal, v –
The physics and chemistry of metallurgy
Metallurgy is a science dealing with the constitution, structure and properties of metals and alloys, and the processes by which they are obtained from ores and adapted for the use
Relation of Metallurgy to Physics and Chemistry
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) involve, v – включать в себя, подразумевать
2) outwardly, adv – внешне, снаружи
3) earthy, a – земляной, зерн
Relation of Metallurgy to Physics and Chemistry
In principle, steelmaking involves only a relatively, outwardly simple steps. Principal iron ores consist of combinations of iron with oxygen (iron oxides), mixed with varying percentages of useles
Protection of Steel from Corrosion
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) application, n – применение, приведение в действие 2) environment, n – окружающая среда
3) coat, v – грунтовать, нанос
Protection of Steel from Corrosion
Everybody knows how widely steel and iron products are used. But almost in all applications regardless of the environment, these products are coated by some means in order to preven
Induction Furnaces. Puddling Furnaces.
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) core, n – сердечник, стержень
2) excess, n – избыток, излишек
3) insure, v – обеспечивать
4) quite, adv – впо
Induction Furnaces. Puddling Furnaces
Induction Furnaces. Induction furnaces are of two types – the coreless high-frequency type and the cored units which operate at low frequency. Principles of operation of both units are simil
Problems of Automation of Blast Furnace
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) considerable, a – значительный, важный, большой
2) associated, а – связанный, объединенный
3) denote, v – означать
Problems of Automation of Blast Furnace
In the course of the past few years, a considerable amount of time and money has been spent studying the blast furnace process, and discussing with the operators some of the problems associated wit
Hot Working and Hot Working Processes
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) bar, n пруток, – брусок
2) draw, v – тянуть, волочить (проволоку)
3) hammer, n,v – молот, ковать
4) prevent, n – пре
Hot Working and Hot Working Processes
Hot working entails plastic deformation of metals at temperatures where strain hardening does not occur. Hot working is done for two reasons: to shape metal into useful objects; and
Cold Working and Cold Working Processes
Cold working drastically changes the mechanical properties of metals, the most important being increase in strength and hardness with a simultaneous reduction of ductility. The meta
Oxy-fuel combustion for reheat furnaces
Steel Times International APRIL 2002
The use of oxy-fuel burners in reheat furnaces greatly reduces the volume of flue gas produced which in turn leads to lower h
Heat transfer.
The total heat transfer occurring within a furnace can be broken down into four main areas:
– radiant heat transfer from the flame to the product;
– radiant heat transfer from the
Benefits of oxy-fuel combustion.
The main benefits of oxy-fuel can be summarized as:
Higher furnace productivity. As a result of the improved thermal efficiency of the furnace and the improved heat transfer charact
The European Steel Industry and Climate Change Legislation
While Europe chastises the USA for not signing up to the Kyoto Protocol to limit CO2 emissions, the US argues that – taking carbon sinks into the equation – Europe is a b
Energy efficiency.
The steel industry's generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is mainly associated with the chemical reaction of carbon and iron ore in blast furnaces producing molten iron, which is then conv
Energy taxation.
The European Commission proposed in March 1997 a Directive for restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products – COM(97) 30 – and various alternatives have been discussed
Emission trading.
On 23 October 2001 the European Commission adopted a proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for greenhouse gas emission trading within the E
Mill roll lubrication to cut costs
A 15% reduction in mill power consumption, a 10% increase in work roll life and a 20% reduction of mill load are the result of employing hot mill roll lubricants. The correct sel
Cold rolling.
Different parameters are required for the cold rolling mill, where the selection of a robust product will pay for itself in terms of maximizing speeds and strip quality, increasing roll life and ex
Uzbekistan woos foreign investors
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СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ
1. General Electric Co. – Company
2. Ltd (Britain) - limited responsibility – корпорация из нескольких
владельцев и вице президентов 3. OD. – outside diameter 4. ID. – ins
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