The physics and chemistry of metallurgy - раздел Иностранные языки, АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Metallurgy Is A Science Dealing With The Constitution, Struct...
Metallurgy is a science dealing with the constitution, structure and properties of metals and alloys, and the processes by which they are obtained from ores and adapted for the use of man.
It is based on the laws of physics and chemistry dealing with the fundamentals of matter and energy and the changes which occur in matter.
1. What does the science of metallurgy deal with?
2. What kind of processes does metallurgy concern?
3. What laws is it based on?
4. What do those laws deal with?
Physical metallurgy deals with the correlation between the structures of metals and alloys, as revealed bу the microscope, and their properties, as these properties are affected by the method of manufacture, by heal treatment, chemical composition and hot or cold working of the metals.
1. What does physical metallurgy deal with?
2. How can the structure of a metal be revealed?
3. What affects the properties of a metal?
Extractive metallurgy deals with such operations as mining the ores, concentrating them by some suitable means, and then smelting them to separate the metals. from the elements with which they are chemically combined. For example, iron ores are first mined, then washed to remove a large part of the earthy impurities with .which they are associated. After this concentration these iron ores (generally oxides) are smelted in a blast furnace, which separates the oxygen from the iron. Pig iron, the product of the blast furnace, then goes to the foundry, or to some steel or wrought iron process at which point we are in the province of physical metallurgy.
What operations does extractive metallurgy deal with?
What is a blast furnace designed for?
What is the product of a blast furnace?
4. Which metallurgy, physical or extractive, does the process of steelmaking belong to?
In order to grasp clearly the subject of metallurgy it is necessary that the fundamentals of physics and chemistry applying to metallurgy be well understood.
Energy may be defined as capacity for doing work, when by work is meant the act of producing a change of the state of matter against a resistance opposing that change.
Heat is one of the best known forms of energy. Its capacity for doing work is utilized in the steam engine, the melting furnace, heat-treating furnace, etc. The quantity of-heat in a given piece is indicated by its temperature and the temperature in turn, is measured with a thermometer (for low temperatures) or with a pyrometer, by means of a thermocouple (for high temperatures).
1. What is energy? What do you mean by work when defining energy?
2. What is heat? Where is its capacity for doing work utilized in metallurgy?
3. What is indicated by temperature? What instrument is it measured with?
Matter is simply defined as that which occupies space. Matter is constantly undergoing changes. These are: (1) physical changes which do not affect the composition of matter, and (2) chemical changes which do affect its composition. The substances taking part in chemical changes are defined as chemical compounds or elements.
Chemical compounds are substances which are homogeneous throughout their masses and which cannot be separated by mechanical means. They are combinations of fundamental substances called "elements".
Elements are those substances which have so far resisted all attempts at further decomposition.
The elements have been given values based on the relative combining weight, using hydrogen as unity, which values are known as atomic weights and which permit the calculations of the weights of reacting substances-and the products formed.
What is matter?
Which changes of matter are called physical and which, chemical?
What are chemical compounds?
What are chemical elements and their atomic weights?
What calculations do the atomic weights permit?
There are two kinds of chemical reactions: exothermic, characterized by the evolution, of heat, and endothermic, by absorption of heat. .
The most important reactions from a metallurgical viewpoint are oxidation and reduction. Oxidation can be; defined as the combination of a substance with oxygen, and reduction as the giving up of oxygen by a substance.
Chemical elements can be classified in two groups according to whether their normal compounds are acid or basic. It is important in metallurgical processes that the acid and basic substances be clearly known. Acids and bases react to form new substances called "salts".
In order to prevent undesired reactions it is necessary in metallurgical processes that acid substances be used; in contact with acid furnaces, that is, silica-lined furnaces; and that basic substances be used in conjunction with basic furnaces, having magnesite or dolomite linings.
What two kinds of chemical reactions do you know?
What is oxidation? Is oxidation an exothermic' or endothermic reaction?
What isreduction?
4. What rule is strictly observed in metallurgical processes to prevent undesired reactions?
IV. Подберите пары синонимов:
A: constitution; to occur; to affect; manufacture; treatment; to apply; to define; to oppose; to indicate; to combine
B: composition;. to associate; to influence; working; to use; to resist; to happen; production; to explain; to show.
V. Подберите пары антонимов:
A: compound; combination; evolution; oxidation; exothermic; to remove; to separate; relative; to melt; to prevent
B: element; to help; absolute; to solidify; endothermic; to combine; absorption; decomposition; reduction; to add.
VI. Переведите словосочетания:
физические свойства металлов и сплавов; получение металла из руд; определить структуру металла при помощи микроскопа; способ производства; горячая и холодная обработка металлов; добывать руды; плавить железные руды в доменной печи; процесс получения сварочного железа; использовать способность теплоты совершать работу; паровой двигатель, плавильные печи и печи для термообработки; измерять высокие температуры с помощью термопары; дать определение материи; занимать пространство; воздействовать на химический состав вещества; вычисление веса реагентов и получение веществ (продуктов); соединение с кислородом; отдача кислорода; предотвратить нежелаемые реакции; футерованные кремнием печи; основные печи, имеющие магнезитовую или доломитовую футеровки.
VII. Подтвердите следующие утверждения, используя предложения из текста.
1. Metallurgy is a science.
2. Heat is one of the best known forms of energy.
3. It is important in metallurgical processes that acid and basic substances be clearly known.
VIII. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам.
1. Metallurgy is based on the laws of physics and chemistry.
2. Metallurgy deals with the fundamentals of matter and energy.
3. The structures of metals and- alloys are revealed by the microscope.
4. The properties of metals and alloys are affected by very many methods.
5. Iron ores are washed to remove earthy impurities
6. After this concentration the iron ores are smelled in a blast furnace.
7. Energy is defined as capacity for doing work.
8. The quantity of heat in a given piece is indicated its temperature.
9. Matter is undergoing changes.
10. Chemical compounds are homogeneous throughout their masses.
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The physics and chemistry of metallurgy
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My Speciality
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) choose (chose,
chosen), v
– выбирать
2) daily, adj
My Speciality
There are many faculties in the South Urals State University. But those students who have chosen the career in metallurgy study at the Metallurgical department. I’m a student of the Metallurgical D
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals. Alloys
I. Повторите, запомните следующие слова:
1) appearance, n – внешний вид
2) compose, v – составлять
3) dense, a – плотный
4) feature, n – особенно
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals. Alloys
It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metals. It is diffi
Iron and Iron Ores
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) associate, v – соединять(ся)
2) as well as – также, а также
3) cheap, a – дешевый
4) cost, n – стоимость
5)
Iron and Iron Ores
Iron is the only metal that can be found in almost every part of the world. It’s the fourth element in abundance on the earth, being exceeded by oxygen, silicon and aluminum. It is the cheapest of
Grey Cast Iron
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) distribution, n – распределение, распространение
2) flake, n – чешуйка, хлопья (мн.ч.)
3) include, v – включать
4) s
Grey Cast Iron
Grey cast iron is one of the most valued of cast metals. It may be made by melting pig iron and scrap in the cheapest of melting processes, the cupola, and then cast into sand molds
Casting
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) accurate, a – точный
2) allow, v – позволять, разрешать
3) cavity, n – полость, пустота
4) hot, a – горячий
Casting
Casting is the oldest method of forming metals. Basically it consists of melting and pouring liquid metal into a cavity of the desired size and shape and allowing the metal to solidify. There are n
Metals and Non–Metals
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
1) alloying element – легирующий элемент
2) alkali metal – щелочной металл
3) base metal – основной металл
Metals and Non–Metals
Among the more obvious distinctions between different kinds of elements is that which divides metals and nonmetals. Metals are distinguished from nonmetals by their high conductivity for heat and e
Corrosion
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) damp air – влажный воздух
2) deposit, n – осадок, осаждать
3) destruction, n – разрушение
4) dilute,
Corrosion
It has long been known that metals can undergo changes in which they lose their characteristic properties; in most cases, the metal ceases to be an element, and becomes a compound. Iron exposed to
The Iron Blast Furnace
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) carry up, v – поднимать
2) consume, v – потреблять
3) drop, v – опускать
4) float, v – плавать
5) flow, n –
The Iron Blast Furnace
Pig iron is one of the most important materials produced in the metallurgical industry. It is generally produced from the iron ore by chemical reduction process of iron conducted in
Bessemer Converter
I. Повторите, запомните следующие слова:
1) affinity, n – сродство, родственность
2) capacity, n – емкость, мощность, производительность
3) interior, n – внутренность, вн
Bessemer Converter
Molten pig iron, gaseous oxygen and steel scrap are the main constituents for making steel in the converter. Pig iron contains carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulphur and silicon in
Open-Hearth Furnace
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) damper, n – заглушка
2) capacity, n, v – емкость, производительность
3) checkerwork, n – насадка
4) combustion, n –
Open-Hearth Furnace
The phenomenal success of the Bessemer process attracted many other inventors to the study of new and improved methods of steelmaking. The only process which was destined to become a rival of the B
Electric Furnace
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) accomplish, v – совершать, выполнять
2) advantage, n – преимущество, польза
3) arc, n – дуга
4) conductor, n – прово
Electric Furnace
Numerous types of furnaces utilizing electric current as the source of heat have been developed by a large number of investigators, but relatively few types have survived as practic
Continuous Casting of Steel
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) apply, v – применять, прикладывать
2) completely, adv – совершенно, полностью
3) conventional, adj – общепринятый, стандартны
Continuous Casting of Steel
Continuous casting as at present applied to the production of steel may be defined as a process in which liquid metal is poured into an open-ended mould, from the lower end of which a partially sol
Types of Mills
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) accessories, n – принадлежности, арматура
2) billet, n – заготовка, сутунка
3) blooms, n – блюм, стальная болванка
4
Types of Mills
The three principal types of rolling mills used for the rolling of steel are referred to as "two-high", "three-high", and "four-high mills". As the names indicate, the
The Physics and Chemistry of Metallurgy
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) fundamentals, n – основы
2) matter, n – материя, вещество,
3) correlation, n – соотношение
4. to reveal, v –
Relation of Metallurgy to Physics and Chemistry
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) involve, v – включать в себя, подразумевать
2) outwardly, adv – внешне, снаружи
3) earthy, a – земляной, зерн
Relation of Metallurgy to Physics and Chemistry
In principle, steelmaking involves only a relatively, outwardly simple steps. Principal iron ores consist of combinations of iron with oxygen (iron oxides), mixed with varying percentages of useles
Protection of Steel from Corrosion
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) application, n – применение, приведение в действие 2) environment, n – окружающая среда
3) coat, v – грунтовать, нанос
Protection of Steel from Corrosion
Everybody knows how widely steel and iron products are used. But almost in all applications regardless of the environment, these products are coated by some means in order to preven
Induction Furnaces. Puddling Furnaces.
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) core, n – сердечник, стержень
2) excess, n – избыток, излишек
3) insure, v – обеспечивать
4) quite, adv – впо
Induction Furnaces. Puddling Furnaces
Induction Furnaces. Induction furnaces are of two types – the coreless high-frequency type and the cored units which operate at low frequency. Principles of operation of both units are simil
Problems of Automation of Blast Furnace
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) considerable, a – значительный, важный, большой
2) associated, а – связанный, объединенный
3) denote, v – означать
Problems of Automation of Blast Furnace
In the course of the past few years, a considerable amount of time and money has been spent studying the blast furnace process, and discussing with the operators some of the problems associated wit
Hot Working and Hot Working Processes
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) bar, n пруток, – брусок
2) draw, v – тянуть, волочить (проволоку)
3) hammer, n,v – молот, ковать
4) prevent, n – пре
Hot Working and Hot Working Processes
Hot working entails plastic deformation of metals at temperatures where strain hardening does not occur. Hot working is done for two reasons: to shape metal into useful objects; and
Cold Working and Cold Working Processes
Cold working drastically changes the mechanical properties of metals, the most important being increase in strength and hardness with a simultaneous reduction of ductility. The meta
Oxy-fuel combustion for reheat furnaces
Steel Times International APRIL 2002
The use of oxy-fuel burners in reheat furnaces greatly reduces the volume of flue gas produced which in turn leads to lower h
Heat transfer.
The total heat transfer occurring within a furnace can be broken down into four main areas:
– radiant heat transfer from the flame to the product;
– radiant heat transfer from the
Benefits of oxy-fuel combustion.
The main benefits of oxy-fuel can be summarized as:
Higher furnace productivity. As a result of the improved thermal efficiency of the furnace and the improved heat transfer charact
Energy efficiency.
The steel industry's generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is mainly associated with the chemical reaction of carbon and iron ore in blast furnaces producing molten iron, which is then conv
Energy taxation.
The European Commission proposed in March 1997 a Directive for restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products – COM(97) 30 – and various alternatives have been discussed
Emission trading.
On 23 October 2001 the European Commission adopted a proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for greenhouse gas emission trading within the E
Mill roll lubrication to cut costs
A 15% reduction in mill power consumption, a 10% increase in work roll life and a 20% reduction of mill load are the result of employing hot mill roll lubricants. The correct sel
Cold rolling.
Different parameters are required for the cold rolling mill, where the selection of a robust product will pay for itself in terms of maximizing speeds and strip quality, increasing roll life and ex
Uzbekistan woos foreign investors
Uzbek iron and steel works Joint Stock Manufacturing Amalgamation (Uzmetcombinat) was established in 1994 through a merger of the Uzbek metallurgy plant, the Shirin machine building
СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ
1. General Electric Co. – Company
2. Ltd (Britain) - limited responsibility – корпорация из нескольких
владельцев и вице президентов 3. OD. – outside diameter 4. ID. – ins
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