Relation of Metallurgy to Physics and Chemistry - раздел Иностранные языки, АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК In Principle, Steelmaking Involves Only A Relatively, Outwardly Simple Steps....
In principle, steelmaking involves only a relatively, outwardly simple steps. Principal iron ores consist of combinations of iron with oxygen (iron oxides), mixed with varying percentages of useless earthy materials. In order to remove the oxygen and useless materials, the iron ore along with coke and limestone are charged into the blast furnace. Hot air blown into the blast furnace burns the coke to generate heat. The hot carbon of the coke, and the carbon-bearing gases generated by its burning, combine with the oxygen of the iron oxide leaving the iron in metallic form. The iron, in the molten state, collects in the hearth at the bottom of the blast furnace. The limestone combines with the useless part of the ore to form molten slag that floats on the top of the pool of molten iron. In this process the iron becomes contaminated with some of the carbon from the coke used as fuel. The product of the blast furnace, pig iron, may contain somewhat over 4 per cent carbon. To make steel from pig iron, some of the carbon must be removed, because most steels contain considerably less than 1 per cent carbon. The unwanted excess of carbon is removed in the steelmaking processes, principally the Bessemer converter and the open hearth furnace processes, using controlled amounts of oxygen for its removal. The resulting final product, steel, is first poured into moulds to form ingots, which then are formed into useful shapes by rolling or other forming processes. However formed, the final products, in a great many cases, are subjected to heat treatment to develop special properties.
The procedures simply outlined above become complex in practice because of a vast array of complicating circumstances. Actually, the problems in each step of manufacture are very complex. Their solution requires considerable technical knowledge and ability. Some previous knowledge of the fundamental sciences of chemistry and physics is essential to a study of these problems.
The science of metallurgy is based on the two fundamental sciences, physics and chemistry, and is commonly subdivided into two major fields: namely, physical metallurgy which deals with the structure, fabrication and behaviour of metals, and chemical metallurgy which deals with the smelting of ores and minerals and with the refining and furnace reaction of molten metals.
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Relation of Metallurgy to Physics and Chemistry
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My Speciality
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) choose (chose,
chosen), v
– выбирать
2) daily, adj
My Speciality
There are many faculties in the South Urals State University. But those students who have chosen the career in metallurgy study at the Metallurgical department. I’m a student of the Metallurgical D
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals. Alloys
I. Повторите, запомните следующие слова:
1) appearance, n – внешний вид
2) compose, v – составлять
3) dense, a – плотный
4) feature, n – особенно
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals. Alloys
It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metals. It is diffi
Iron and Iron Ores
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) associate, v – соединять(ся)
2) as well as – также, а также
3) cheap, a – дешевый
4) cost, n – стоимость
5)
Iron and Iron Ores
Iron is the only metal that can be found in almost every part of the world. It’s the fourth element in abundance on the earth, being exceeded by oxygen, silicon and aluminum. It is the cheapest of
Grey Cast Iron
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) distribution, n – распределение, распространение
2) flake, n – чешуйка, хлопья (мн.ч.)
3) include, v – включать
4) s
Grey Cast Iron
Grey cast iron is one of the most valued of cast metals. It may be made by melting pig iron and scrap in the cheapest of melting processes, the cupola, and then cast into sand molds
Casting
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) accurate, a – точный
2) allow, v – позволять, разрешать
3) cavity, n – полость, пустота
4) hot, a – горячий
Casting
Casting is the oldest method of forming metals. Basically it consists of melting and pouring liquid metal into a cavity of the desired size and shape and allowing the metal to solidify. There are n
Metals and Non–Metals
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
1) alloying element – легирующий элемент
2) alkali metal – щелочной металл
3) base metal – основной металл
Metals and Non–Metals
Among the more obvious distinctions between different kinds of elements is that which divides metals and nonmetals. Metals are distinguished from nonmetals by their high conductivity for heat and e
Corrosion
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) damp air – влажный воздух
2) deposit, n – осадок, осаждать
3) destruction, n – разрушение
4) dilute,
Corrosion
It has long been known that metals can undergo changes in which they lose their characteristic properties; in most cases, the metal ceases to be an element, and becomes a compound. Iron exposed to
The Iron Blast Furnace
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) carry up, v – поднимать
2) consume, v – потреблять
3) drop, v – опускать
4) float, v – плавать
5) flow, n –
The Iron Blast Furnace
Pig iron is one of the most important materials produced in the metallurgical industry. It is generally produced from the iron ore by chemical reduction process of iron conducted in
Bessemer Converter
I. Повторите, запомните следующие слова:
1) affinity, n – сродство, родственность
2) capacity, n – емкость, мощность, производительность
3) interior, n – внутренность, вн
Bessemer Converter
Molten pig iron, gaseous oxygen and steel scrap are the main constituents for making steel in the converter. Pig iron contains carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulphur and silicon in
Open-Hearth Furnace
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) damper, n – заглушка
2) capacity, n, v – емкость, производительность
3) checkerwork, n – насадка
4) combustion, n –
Open-Hearth Furnace
The phenomenal success of the Bessemer process attracted many other inventors to the study of new and improved methods of steelmaking. The only process which was destined to become a rival of the B
Electric Furnace
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) accomplish, v – совершать, выполнять
2) advantage, n – преимущество, польза
3) arc, n – дуга
4) conductor, n – прово
Electric Furnace
Numerous types of furnaces utilizing electric current as the source of heat have been developed by a large number of investigators, but relatively few types have survived as practic
Continuous Casting of Steel
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) apply, v – применять, прикладывать
2) completely, adv – совершенно, полностью
3) conventional, adj – общепринятый, стандартны
Continuous Casting of Steel
Continuous casting as at present applied to the production of steel may be defined as a process in which liquid metal is poured into an open-ended mould, from the lower end of which a partially sol
Types of Mills
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) accessories, n – принадлежности, арматура
2) billet, n – заготовка, сутунка
3) blooms, n – блюм, стальная болванка
4
Types of Mills
The three principal types of rolling mills used for the rolling of steel are referred to as "two-high", "three-high", and "four-high mills". As the names indicate, the
The Physics and Chemistry of Metallurgy
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) fundamentals, n – основы
2) matter, n – материя, вещество,
3) correlation, n – соотношение
4. to reveal, v –
The physics and chemistry of metallurgy
Metallurgy is a science dealing with the constitution, structure and properties of metals and alloys, and the processes by which they are obtained from ores and adapted for the use
Relation of Metallurgy to Physics and Chemistry
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) involve, v – включать в себя, подразумевать
2) outwardly, adv – внешне, снаружи
3) earthy, a – земляной, зерн
Protection of Steel from Corrosion
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) application, n – применение, приведение в действие 2) environment, n – окружающая среда
3) coat, v – грунтовать, нанос
Protection of Steel from Corrosion
Everybody knows how widely steel and iron products are used. But almost in all applications regardless of the environment, these products are coated by some means in order to preven
Induction Furnaces. Puddling Furnaces.
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) core, n – сердечник, стержень
2) excess, n – избыток, излишек
3) insure, v – обеспечивать
4) quite, adv – впо
Induction Furnaces. Puddling Furnaces
Induction Furnaces. Induction furnaces are of two types – the coreless high-frequency type and the cored units which operate at low frequency. Principles of operation of both units are simil
Problems of Automation of Blast Furnace
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) considerable, a – значительный, важный, большой
2) associated, а – связанный, объединенный
3) denote, v – означать
Problems of Automation of Blast Furnace
In the course of the past few years, a considerable amount of time and money has been spent studying the blast furnace process, and discussing with the operators some of the problems associated wit
Hot Working and Hot Working Processes
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) bar, n пруток, – брусок
2) draw, v – тянуть, волочить (проволоку)
3) hammer, n,v – молот, ковать
4) prevent, n – пре
Hot Working and Hot Working Processes
Hot working entails plastic deformation of metals at temperatures where strain hardening does not occur. Hot working is done for two reasons: to shape metal into useful objects; and
Cold Working and Cold Working Processes
Cold working drastically changes the mechanical properties of metals, the most important being increase in strength and hardness with a simultaneous reduction of ductility. The meta
Oxy-fuel combustion for reheat furnaces
Steel Times International APRIL 2002
The use of oxy-fuel burners in reheat furnaces greatly reduces the volume of flue gas produced which in turn leads to lower h
Heat transfer.
The total heat transfer occurring within a furnace can be broken down into four main areas:
– radiant heat transfer from the flame to the product;
– radiant heat transfer from the
Benefits of oxy-fuel combustion.
The main benefits of oxy-fuel can be summarized as:
Higher furnace productivity. As a result of the improved thermal efficiency of the furnace and the improved heat transfer charact
Energy efficiency.
The steel industry's generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is mainly associated with the chemical reaction of carbon and iron ore in blast furnaces producing molten iron, which is then conv
Energy taxation.
The European Commission proposed in March 1997 a Directive for restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products – COM(97) 30 – and various alternatives have been discussed
Emission trading.
On 23 October 2001 the European Commission adopted a proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for greenhouse gas emission trading within the E
Mill roll lubrication to cut costs
A 15% reduction in mill power consumption, a 10% increase in work roll life and a 20% reduction of mill load are the result of employing hot mill roll lubricants. The correct sel
Cold rolling.
Different parameters are required for the cold rolling mill, where the selection of a robust product will pay for itself in terms of maximizing speeds and strip quality, increasing roll life and ex
Uzbekistan woos foreign investors
Uzbek iron and steel works Joint Stock Manufacturing Amalgamation (Uzmetcombinat) was established in 1994 through a merger of the Uzbek metallurgy plant, the Shirin machine building
СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ
1. General Electric Co. – Company
2. Ltd (Britain) - limited responsibility – корпорация из нескольких
владельцев и вице президентов 3. OD. – outside diameter 4. ID. – ins
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