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LANGUAGE SYSTEM: PARADIGMS AND SYNTAGMAS

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LANGUAGE SYSTEM: PARADIGMS AND SYNTAGMAS

LANGUAGE SYSTEM: PARADIGMS AND SYNTAGMAS - раздел Образование, Linguistic aspect of translation This Lecture: • Introduces The Concepts Of A System; • Intr...

This Lecture:

• introduces the concepts of a system;

• introduces the notion of language as a system existing in formal and semantic planes;

• attributes linguistic signs to morphological, lexical or syntactic levels;

• depending on meaning or function, defines what paradigm a unit belongs;

• analyzes syntactic and semantic valence;

• shows how different syntagmas are activated in English and Ukrainian in the course of translation;

• gives a definition of translation as a specific coding-encoding process.

So, there is a system underlying seemingly random signs of a language. One may note, for instance, that not all the words are compatible with each other, their range of application has certain limitations, and through their lexical meanings and associations they may be united into individual groups.

For example, to take an extreme case, in English speech one will never find two articles in a row or in an official obituary an English speaker will never say that the minister pegged out. An evident example of grouping by meaning and association gives the group of colors in which even a little child will easily include black, red, blue, etc.

Thus, one may conclude that there is some order organizing hundreds of thousands of words making it easier to memorize and properly use them in speech. This order is called the system of a language. Any system is an organized set of objects and relations between them, but before discussing objects and relations in the system of a language it is worthwhile to describe the traditional approach to language system descriptions.

• In any language system two general planes are usually distinguished: the formalplane, comprising spoken or written language signs (words and word combinations as well as minor elements, morphemes) and the semantic,comprising mental concepts (meanings) the language signs stand for.

As a simplified example one may again take words from a dictionary (formalplane) and their definitions (semantic plane):

corps - 1. one of the technical branches of an army; 2. - military force made up of two or more divisions

correct - 1. true, right; 2. - proper, in accord with good taste and conventions.

This example is, of course, simplified since the real semantic content corresponding to a word is much more complex and not that easy to define. The general relationship between these planes has been described in the previous lecture.

• A language system is traditionally divided into three basic levels: morphological(including morphs and morphemes as objects), lexical(including words as objects) and syntactic(comprising such objects as elements of the sentence syntax such as Subject, Predicate,etc.)

For example, -tion, -sion are the English word-building morphemes and belong to objects of the morphological level, book, student, desk as well as any other word belong to objects of the lexical level, and the same words (nouns) book, student, desk in a sentence may become Subjects or Objects and thus belong to the set of syntactic level objects of the language.

At each language level its objects may be grouped according to their meaning or function. Such groups are called paradigms.

For example, the English morphemes s and es enter the paradigm of Number (Plural). Words spring, summer, autumn, and winter enter the lexico-semantic paradigm of seasons. All verbs may be grouped into the syntactic (functional) paradigm of Predicates.

One may note that one and the same word may belong to different levels and different paradigms, i.e. the language paradigms are fuzzy sets with common elements. As an example, consider the lexico-semantic paradigm of colors the elements of which (black, white, etc.) also belong to the syntactic paradigms of Attributes and Nouns.

It is important to note that the elements of language paradigms are united and organized according to their potential roles in speech (text) formation. These roles are called valences.Thus, words black, white, red, etc. have a potential to define colors of the objects (semantic valence)and a potential capacity to serve as Attributes in a sentence (syntactic valence).

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Linguistic aspect of translation

LANGUAGE AND EXTRALINGUISTIC... WORLD... This Lecture...

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Elements Activated in the Sentence
English Ukrainian he він used, come приїздив

Lecture 2. Сommunicative aspect of translation.
This Lecture • introduces the concepts of: • (a) communication; • (b) components communication consists of (message, message sender, message recipient); • (c) wa

TRANSLATION DEFINITION
In this Lecture the reader will: • find the definition of translation as an object of linguistic Study terms of process and outcome; • fi

And shows both the strength and limitations of each.
In this lecture we shall discuss the most common theoretical approaches to human translation paying special attention to their limitations and ability to explain the translation process.

TRANSLATION RANKING
The lecture deals with: • various ranks of translation; • means to ensure adequate translation which have been suggested by different scholars and translation ranks; • f

Lecture 4. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE AND EQUIVALENTS
This Lecture: introduces the notion of equivalence and translation units; • shows: • how the notion of equivalence can be applied to tran

A) Full Translation Equivalents
From the previous discussion (bearing in mind differences in mental images standing for the equivalent words in different languages and context dependence of equivalents) it may be righteously pre

B) Partial Translation Equivalents
To understand the partiality and incompleteness of translation equivalence let us consider the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects of equivalence, because the partiality of equivalence is, as

Lecture 5. TRANSLATION AND STYLE
This Lecture deals with the style as an essential component of adequate translation; introduces: • major styles: belles-lettres (prose, poetry, drama); pu

Transformations in translation.
This Lecture • introduces the notion of: • transformation as a change of thesource text *t the syntactic levelduring translation, •

English Verbal Complexes
A verbal complex is a unique structure of the English language system missing in Ukrainian. The complex includes a predicate verb, an object and an object predicate comprising either Infinitive or

Gender Forms
The category of Noun Gender is known to be expressed in English indirectly: either through pronouns or by lexical means. This information is to be born in mind by translators when translating from

Basic translation devices.
This Lecture: ntroduces basic translators' devices: partitioning; integration; transposition; replacement, addition;

Partitioning
Partitioning is either replacing in translation of a source sentence by two or more target ones or converting a simple source sentence into a compound or complex target one. One is to dist

Integration
Integration is the opposite of partitioning, it implies combining two or (seldom) more source sentences into one target sentence. Generally, integration is a translation device who

Transposition
Transposition is a peculiar variety of inner partitioning in translation meaning a change in the order of the target sentence syntactic elements (Subject, Predicate, Object, etc.) as compared with

Replacement
•* Replacement is any change in the target text at the morphological, lexical and syntactic levels of the language when the elements of certain source paradigms are replaced by different elements

Names of Paradigms Used to Form the Sentences
Personal Pronouns Paradigm Verbs Paradigm Verb Tense Paradigm Particles Paradigm Prepositions Paradigm to do

Elements Activated in the Sentence English Ukrainian
he він used, come приїздив Past Indef. минулий час to none Comparing the paradigm sets used to form the above English and Ukrain

Lecture 11. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF EQUIVALENTS
This Lecture: • outlines basic factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents, i.e. context, situation and background information; • defines context varieties and th

Translation varieties.
This Lecture: • introduces the classification of translation based on physical parameters; • familiarizes the students with sub-categories of translation depending on genre;

Literary translation
This Lecture: • describes written translation subcategories; • introduces the notion of hypertext; • discusses challenges facing a literary translator. As mentio

Lecture 7. Translation into English.
This Lecture: emphasizes the essential features to be remembered by the students when translating into English: • pre-determined order of words in a s

This Lecture compares: working environments
• written translators and interpreters; • consecutive and simultaneous interpreter approaches - denotative and connotative, and tools the