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Elements Activated in the Sentence

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Elements Activated in the Sentence

Elements Activated in the Sentence - раздел Образование, Linguistic aspect of translation English Ukrainian ...

English	Ukrainian
he	він
used, come	приїздив
Pastlndef. ,	минулий час
to	none
to	до
Italy, spring	Італія, весна
each	кожний
none	зазвичай
Common Case	род. відм.
none	род. відм.

Comparing the paradigm sets used to form the above English and Ukrainian sentences and paradigm elements activated in the syntagmas of these sentences one may easily note that both the sets used and the set elements activated are often different.

They are different because English and Ukrainian possess different language systems. It goes without saying, that this fact is very important for translation and explains many translation problems.

Any language has a particular multi-level organization: its elements are organized in sets (paradigms) at various levels and a language speaker is using the elements of these sets to generate a message intended for communication with other speakers of this language and entirely incomprehensible for those who have no command of this language.

The latter fact is easy to illustrate by a sentence in a language presumably unfamiliar to the readers of this Manual. Consider Dutch sentence: Dat vat ik niet. One will understand it if he knows that:

ik is a Personal Pronoun, first person singular (English I);

vat is the first person singular of the verb vatten (English catch, get);

niet is the negation (English not, no);

dat is a Pronoun (English it, this).

Then being aware of the relevant English words (paradigm elements) one may render this sentence in English as I do not get it.

From the above one may conclude that a language is a code understood only by its users (speakers)⁶. Then, may be, translation is a process of decoding a message in one code and encoding it in another which is understood by another group of users using a different code. However, this is the subject of the next lecture.

Література:

1. Комиссаров В.Н. Современное переводоведение. Учебное пособие. – М.: ЭТС. – 2002. – 424 с.

2. Комисарова В.Н., Кораллова А.Л. Практикум по переводу с английского языка на русский. - М., 1990.

3. Комиссаров В.Н. Лингвистика перевода. - М, 1981.

4. Корунець І.В. Теорія і практика перекладу. - Вінниця, 2003. - 448 с.

5. Мірам Г.Є. Дейнеко В.В. Основи перекладу. - К., 2003.

6. Мирам Г.Е. Переводныe картинки. Профессия: переводчик. - К., 2001.

7. Мирам Г.Е. Профессия: переводчик. - К., 1999.

8. Нелюбин Л.Л. Переводческий словарь. - М., 1999.

9. Федоров А.В. Основы общей теории перевода. - М., 1975.

Questions

1. What are the two main planes of a language? What is the relationship between them?

2. What levels are traditionally distinguished in a language? Give examples of the objects of each level.

3. What is a language paradigm? Give examples of lexico-semantic and grammatical paradigms.

4. What is syntagma? Give definition.

5. What is the language system? Give a definition.

6. What are the basic elements of the relationships between a language and extralinguistic world?

7. What is a language sign, a concept and a denotatum? Give definitions. Show the relation between them?

8. What is a lexical meaning, a connotation and an association? Give definitions and examples.

9. What is the range of application of a word? Give examples.

10. What are the main sources of translation ambiguity stemming from the sign-concept relationship?

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Linguistic aspect of translation

LANGUAGE AND EXTRALINGUISTIC... WORLD... This Lecture...

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Все темы данного раздела:

LANGUAGE SYSTEM: PARADIGMS AND SYNTAGMAS
This Lecture: • introduces the concepts of a system; • introduces the notion of language as a system existing in formal and semantic planes; • attributes linguistic sign

Lecture 2. Сommunicative aspect of translation.
This Lecture • introduces the concepts of: • (a) communication; • (b) components communication consists of (message, message sender, message recipient); • (c) wa

TRANSLATION DEFINITION
In this Lecture the reader will: • find the definition of translation as an object of linguistic Study terms of process and outcome; • fi

And shows both the strength and limitations of each.
In this lecture we shall discuss the most common theoretical approaches to human translation paying special attention to their limitations and ability to explain the translation process.

TRANSLATION RANKING
The lecture deals with: • various ranks of translation; • means to ensure adequate translation which have been suggested by different scholars and translation ranks; • f

Lecture 4. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE AND EQUIVALENTS
This Lecture: introduces the notion of equivalence and translation units; • shows: • how the notion of equivalence can be applied to tran

A) Full Translation Equivalents
From the previous discussion (bearing in mind differences in mental images standing for the equivalent words in different languages and context dependence of equivalents) it may be righteously pre

B) Partial Translation Equivalents
To understand the partiality and incompleteness of translation equivalence let us consider the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects of equivalence, because the partiality of equivalence is, as

Lecture 5. TRANSLATION AND STYLE
This Lecture deals with the style as an essential component of adequate translation; introduces: • major styles: belles-lettres (prose, poetry, drama); pu

Transformations in translation.
This Lecture • introduces the notion of: • transformation as a change of thesource text *t the syntactic levelduring translation, •

English Verbal Complexes
A verbal complex is a unique structure of the English language system missing in Ukrainian. The complex includes a predicate verb, an object and an object predicate comprising either Infinitive or

Gender Forms
The category of Noun Gender is known to be expressed in English indirectly: either through pronouns or by lexical means. This information is to be born in mind by translators when translating from

Basic translation devices.
This Lecture: ntroduces basic translators' devices: partitioning; integration; transposition; replacement, addition;

Partitioning
Partitioning is either replacing in translation of a source sentence by two or more target ones or converting a simple source sentence into a compound or complex target one. One is to dist

Integration
Integration is the opposite of partitioning, it implies combining two or (seldom) more source sentences into one target sentence. Generally, integration is a translation device who

Transposition
Transposition is a peculiar variety of inner partitioning in translation meaning a change in the order of the target sentence syntactic elements (Subject, Predicate, Object, etc.) as compared with

Replacement
•* Replacement is any change in the target text at the morphological, lexical and syntactic levels of the language when the elements of certain source paradigms are replaced by different elements

Names of Paradigms Used to Form the Sentences
Personal Pronouns Paradigm Verbs Paradigm Verb Tense Paradigm Particles Paradigm Prepositions Paradigm to do

Elements Activated in the Sentence English Ukrainian
he він used, come приїздив Past Indef. минулий час to none Comparing the paradigm sets used to form the above English and Ukrain

Lecture 11. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF EQUIVALENTS
This Lecture: • outlines basic factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents, i.e. context, situation and background information; • defines context varieties and th

Translation varieties.
This Lecture: • introduces the classification of translation based on physical parameters; • familiarizes the students with sub-categories of translation depending on genre;

Literary translation
This Lecture: • describes written translation subcategories; • introduces the notion of hypertext; • discusses challenges facing a literary translator. As mentio

Lecture 7. Translation into English.
This Lecture: emphasizes the essential features to be remembered by the students when translating into English: • pre-determined order of words in a s

This Lecture compares: working environments
• written translators and interpreters; • consecutive and simultaneous interpreter approaches - denotative and connotative, and tools the