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Transformations in translation.

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Transformations in translation.

Transformations in translation. - раздел Образование, Linguistic aspect of translation This Lecture • Introduces The Notion Of: • Transformation A...

This Lecture

• introduces the notion of:

• transformation as a change of thesource text *t the syntactic level
during translation,

• discusses:

• the conditions under which regular and occasional transformationstake place in English Verbal Complexes;

• Pluralia and Singularia Tantum;

• Gender Forms;

• Sequence of Tenses.

Speaking about translation equivalence we mentioned that there were three basic types of it - syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. The students might remember that syntactic equivalence meant the structural similarity of the source and target texts. If the syntactic similarity is missing we observe a transformation.

Transformation is any change of the source text at the syntactic level during translation.

On the one hand, even for the languages of different structure general structural similarity in translation is common enough. Just compare any English text and its translation into Ukrainian and you will see much in common at the syntactic level (e. g. Subject-Predicate-Object sequences, Attribute-Noun structures, etc.). On the other, total similarity.

It is worth saying that any formal identity of the signs of different languages is out of the question and one may speak only about similarity or difference of certain modeling representation, e. g. of syntactic models. of syntactic structures is a rare (and generally hardly desirable) case, which means that in English-Ukrainian translation we often observe transformations.

One should note, however, that the majority of syntactic transformations in English-Ukrainian translation are occasional, i. e. the translator transforms the source syntactic structures on case-by-case basis, each case being dependent on the context, situation, pragmatic intent and many other factors some of which are unknown and the translator's decisions relevant to the case are often intuitive.

To put it differently, it is impossible to formulate the rules for the overwhelming majority of such occasional transformations and one simply cannot list all occasional transformations that are observed in English-Ukrainian translation.

•In English-Ukrainian translation occasional transformations are often the matter of translator's individual choice and, in general, strongly depend on stylistic peculiarities and communication intent of the source text.

Yet, in English-Ukrainian translation there are also cases of regular syntactic transformations, where a translator is expected to observe certain transformation rules more or less strictly.

Regular syntactic (grammatical) transformations are the matching rules for the grammars of the two languages involved in translation.

Detailed description of regular English-Ukrainian grammatical (syntactic) transformations one can find in any English manual for Ukrainian audience (for example, the matching system of English and Ukrainian Verb Tenses, Noun Numbers and Cases, Adjectives, Pronouns, etc.).

We think that the readers and users of this Manual are generally aware of these matching rules and that it is hardly a goal of a translation manual to duplicate the information of the language manuals for the beginners. Moreover, we consider that the goal of a translation manual is to show (where possible) how and why the matching rules(regular transformations) of the grammatical systems of the two languages involved in translation are violated.

However, there are certain unique elements of the English and Ukrainian grammar systems which, because of their uniqueness deserve special attention as translation problems. The most common of those are mentioned below.

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Linguistic aspect of translation

LANGUAGE AND EXTRALINGUISTIC... WORLD... This Lecture...

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Все темы данного раздела:

LANGUAGE SYSTEM: PARADIGMS AND SYNTAGMAS
This Lecture: • introduces the concepts of a system; • introduces the notion of language as a system existing in formal and semantic planes; • attributes linguistic sign

Elements Activated in the Sentence
English Ukrainian he він used, come приїздив

Lecture 2. Сommunicative aspect of translation.
This Lecture • introduces the concepts of: • (a) communication; • (b) components communication consists of (message, message sender, message recipient); • (c) wa

TRANSLATION DEFINITION
In this Lecture the reader will: • find the definition of translation as an object of linguistic Study terms of process and outcome; • fi

And shows both the strength and limitations of each.
In this lecture we shall discuss the most common theoretical approaches to human translation paying special attention to their limitations and ability to explain the translation process.

TRANSLATION RANKING
The lecture deals with: • various ranks of translation; • means to ensure adequate translation which have been suggested by different scholars and translation ranks; • f

Lecture 4. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE AND EQUIVALENTS
This Lecture: introduces the notion of equivalence and translation units; • shows: • how the notion of equivalence can be applied to tran

A) Full Translation Equivalents
From the previous discussion (bearing in mind differences in mental images standing for the equivalent words in different languages and context dependence of equivalents) it may be righteously pre

B) Partial Translation Equivalents
To understand the partiality and incompleteness of translation equivalence let us consider the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects of equivalence, because the partiality of equivalence is, as

Lecture 5. TRANSLATION AND STYLE
This Lecture deals with the style as an essential component of adequate translation; introduces: • major styles: belles-lettres (prose, poetry, drama); pu

English Verbal Complexes
A verbal complex is a unique structure of the English language system missing in Ukrainian. The complex includes a predicate verb, an object and an object predicate comprising either Infinitive or

Gender Forms
The category of Noun Gender is known to be expressed in English indirectly: either through pronouns or by lexical means. This information is to be born in mind by translators when translating from

Basic translation devices.
This Lecture: ntroduces basic translators' devices: partitioning; integration; transposition; replacement, addition;

Partitioning
Partitioning is either replacing in translation of a source sentence by two or more target ones or converting a simple source sentence into a compound or complex target one. One is to dist

Integration
Integration is the opposite of partitioning, it implies combining two or (seldom) more source sentences into one target sentence. Generally, integration is a translation device who

Transposition
Transposition is a peculiar variety of inner partitioning in translation meaning a change in the order of the target sentence syntactic elements (Subject, Predicate, Object, etc.) as compared with

Replacement
•* Replacement is any change in the target text at the morphological, lexical and syntactic levels of the language when the elements of certain source paradigms are replaced by different elements

Names of Paradigms Used to Form the Sentences
Personal Pronouns Paradigm Verbs Paradigm Verb Tense Paradigm Particles Paradigm Prepositions Paradigm to do

Elements Activated in the Sentence English Ukrainian
he він used, come приїздив Past Indef. минулий час to none Comparing the paradigm sets used to form the above English and Ukrain

Lecture 11. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF EQUIVALENTS
This Lecture: • outlines basic factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents, i.e. context, situation and background information; • defines context varieties and th

Translation varieties.
This Lecture: • introduces the classification of translation based on physical parameters; • familiarizes the students with sub-categories of translation depending on genre;

Literary translation
This Lecture: • describes written translation subcategories; • introduces the notion of hypertext; • discusses challenges facing a literary translator. As mentio

Lecture 7. Translation into English.
This Lecture: emphasizes the essential features to be remembered by the students when translating into English: • pre-determined order of words in a s

This Lecture compares: working environments
• written translators and interpreters; • consecutive and simultaneous interpreter approaches - denotative and connotative, and tools the