Образование в англоязычных странах

University education University educationThe are 44universities not counting the Open university in Britain. Although the Government is responsible for providing about 80 per cent of universities income it does not control their or teachingnor does it have direct dealing with the universities.The grants are distributed by the UniversityGrants Committee, a body appointed by the Secretary of State for Education and Science.The Universities ofOxford and Cambridge date from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and the ScottishUniversities of St. Andrews, Glasgow,Aberdeen and Edinburgh from thefifteenth and sixteen centuries.

All the other universities were founded in thenineteenth or twentieth centuries.There are five otherinstitutions where the work is of university standard the University ofManchester Institute of Science and technology the two postgraduate businessschools which are supported jointly by industry and the Government - the Manchester Business School and the London Graduate School of BusinessStudies, associated with the London School of Economics and the ImperialCollege of Science and Technology Cranfield Institute of Technology for mainly postgraduate work in aeronautics and othersubjects and Royal College of Art.Studies and degreesCourses in arts and science are offered by mostuniversities.

Imperial College, London, the University of Manchester Institute ofScience and Technology and some of the newer universities concentrate ontechnology although they also offer a number of courses in social studies,modern languages and other non-technological subjects.

About 45 per cent offull-time university students in Grate Britain are talking arts or socialstudies courses and 41 per cent science and technology about 10 per are studyingmedicine, dentistry and health, and the remainderagriculture, forestry, veterinary science, architecture and town and countryplanning.University degree courses generally extend overthree or four years, though in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science five or six years arerequired.

The first degree of Bachelor Master in the arts faculties of the older Scottishuniversities is awarded on the completion of such a course, depending onsatisfactory examination results. Further study or research is required at themodern universities for the degree of Master and by all universities forthat of Doctor. Actual degree titles vary according to the practice of eachuniversity.A uniform standard of degree throughout the country is ensured byhaving external examiners on all examining boards.

In the last decades therehas been a tendency for degree courses to become more broadly based in subjectmatter, particularly in the new universities.University teaching combines lectures,practical classes in scientific subjects and small group teaching in eitherseminars or tutorials.Most member of theacademic staff devote time to research and at all universities there arepostgraduate students engaged in research.StudentsAdmission to the universities is byexamination and selection.

Women are admitted on equal terms with men but at Cambridge their numbersmay be limited by ordinance.The general proportion of men to women students isabout three to one at Oxford it is over four toone, and at Cambridgeseven to one. Over a third of all full-time university students in Britain are living in college andhalls of residence, slightly under a half are in lodgings, and the remainder live at home.Despite recent expansion programmes, applications for places at universities forarts studies still exceed the number available. Prospective candidates fornearly all the universities apply for places through the Universities CentralCouncil on Admissions.The only student who apply directly are applicants to the Open University andBritish candidates who apply only for the universityof Glasgow, Aberdeen and Strathclyde.In 1971-72 there were about 234,000 full-timeuniversity students in Grate Britainincluding 43,000 postgraduates.

In 1970-71 there were some 22,822 part-timestudents. Some 30,000 home and overseas candidates were also registered in 1972for London University s external first degreeexaminations.

StaffIn 1970-71 there were about 23,000full-time university teachers in Great Britain about 10 per cent ofthem were professors. The ratio of staff to students was about one to eight.AwardsIn England,Wales and Scotland mostadequately qualified British students can obtain awards from public funds inorder to attend full-time at a university, college of major further educationestablishment.

In England and Wales local education authoritiesprovide awards. In Scotland students allowancesfor advanced courses are granted by the Scottish Education Department. Theamount of these awardsdepends upon the income of the student and his parents.Grants for postgraduatestudy are offered annually by the Department of Education and Science, the ResearchCouncils and the Scottish Education Department.

In Northern Ireland university andpostgraduate award and teacher training scholarships by the Ministry ofEducation, the conditions of award being the same as those for Great Britain.