I. The Use of Perfect Tenses.

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  ISBN 966-8078-20-9 © Автори-упорядники Байдак Л.І., Дацко О.В., Камінська Н.М., Курінний О.В., 2003 © СНАУ, 2003 © БНВП "ЕОНС",

I. The Use of Indefinite Tenses.
v The Present Indefinite is used: 1) to express a recurrent or permanent action in the present; e.g. He lives in Kiev with his mother. Він живе у Києві з м

II. The Formation of Indefinite Tenses.
Present Past Future   usually, often, always, seldom, hardly ever, occasionally yest

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: aspiration to cognition hence to be essential precious to be on the safe side to spare oneself t

TRAVELLING
Travelling is one of the things which allows people to satisfy their natural aspiration to cognition of the surrounding world. Modern life is impossible without travelling. Some people travel on bu

I. The Use of Continuous Tenses.
v The Present Continuous is used to express: 1) an action going on at the present moment, at the time of speaking; e.g. Why areyou crying?

Working.колипрацюю.
4) a planned future action mostly with verbs denoting motion. e.g. We are flyingto Paris Вранці ми вилітаємо до in the morning. Парижа. v The Past Con

II. The Formation of Continuous Tenses.
The Continuous Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Present, Past or Future Indefinite Tense and Present Participleof the ma

EXERCISES
1.Put the verb into the appropriate form. 1.I (not to drink) coffee now. I (to write) an English exercise. 2.Your friend (to do) his homework now? 3.Look! The baby (to sleep). 4.My father

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: compartment carriage obvious to board a train to stand in a queue to settle one’s business to bo

Text. Mistaken Identity.
1.Read and translate using the dictionary. Years ago I arrived one day at Salamanca, New York, where I was to change trains and take the sleeper. There were crowds of people on the platfor

Buying a ticket
A day return to London, please. A single to Birmingham, please. Two day returns to Oxford, please. An ordinary return to Cambridge, please. And which platform is

Dialogue C.
-Excuse me, don’t you think it is very stuffy in the compartment? -Yes, rather. -What about having the window open? -I don’t mind. Can you manage it? -I’ll try t

II. The Formation of Perfect Tenses.
The Perfect Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present, Past or Future Indefinite Tense and Participle IIof the main ver

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: means of transport to be at smb’s disposal altitude to cover the distance non-stop flight t

I. The Use of Perfect Continuous Tenses.
v The Present Perfect Continuous is used to express an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is either still continuing or just finished. e.g. His

II. The Formation of Perfect Continuous Tenses.
The Perfect Continuous Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present, Past or Future Perfect Tense and Participle Iof the m

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: fast to drive a car wheel to switch on the motor to park traffic “jam” round-about to r

My own car
Lots of teenagers dream of the day when they will be old enough to learn to drive (at age 17 in the UK) and have their own car. There are plenty of reasons why. They will be able to go out where th

The problems
Cars cause a lot of problems. Here are some of them. Put them in order from 1 to 6 (1 for the biggest problem, 6 for the smallest problem, in your opinion). · The roads are too bus

Solutions from around the world
Different countries have different ways of reducing traffic. Tick the ones that you think are good ideas. · In Britain, the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution has asked th

EXERCISES
1.Use Present Perfect (Continuous) or Past Perfect (Continuous). 1.I received a letter from Susan a few days ago. I (not to receive) letters from her since she left. 2.There are a l

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: voyage quay to moor gangway deck to sail at a high speed rough pitch roll aft forward

Drop anchor at the pier
Max and his wife were taking ____ along the Black Sea coast on the “Karolina”. As we were spending the summer near Yalta we decided to meet them _____ . We arrived at the pier in time to see it ent

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: customs (customs house) to prolong to declare to be liable to duty duty free a customs declaration

Going Through the Customs
-Are these three cases all you have, sir? -Yes. They’re all I have. -Well, would you , please, read this notice carefully? -Thank you. -Do you understand the not

The use of the Passive Voice
The Passive Voice can be used : a) without the doer of the action being mentioned (the doer is either unknown or unimportant) e.g. The telegram was sent yesterday. (Телегра

The formation of the Passive Voice.
The Passive Voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the required form and Participle II of the notional verb. to be + Ved(III)

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: single room номер для одного double room номер для двох suite [sw

Text A. A Letter
1.Render in English Newton Hotel, Manchester, 16th March 2002 Dear Paul, I was very pleased to receive your letter and to hear that Frederick i

Text B. A Bad Way To Begin A Marrige
1.Read and translate the text “I never thought it was going to be like this,” John said. He was talking about his honeymoon and he looked very disappointed. He and Ann, his bride, were wal

Passive Voice
be + Ved(3) Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Future Indefinite am/is/are Ved(3) wa

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:   postal order letter-box (pillar-box) registered letter Post Restante book-post par

Text B. Post Cards
1.Read and say what new things you’ve learned from the text. In the mid-19th century, Henry Cole was a well-known museum director. Every year he sent short notes to his friends

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to be in a good health to fall ill to examine smb to catch a cold to feel unwell to cough flu

AT THE DOCTOR’S
Good health is a great blessing. Everyone should do all to stay healthy. Being in a good health means having both body and mind in a good working state free from disease and pain. As a proverb says

Cause(s)… measures
a cough to put into prison for… a headache to sack from school for… pneumonia to take money for… cancer to ban… blood disease affect(

PASSIVE VOICE
Continuous Tenses The Present Continuous and the Past Continuous Passive are formed by means of the Present Continuous and the Past Continuous of the auxiliary verb to be and Partic

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations sales processing hardware tower keyboard printer software to be evident pros and cons witho

COMPUTERS
Today economy increasingly works with computers. Computers also facilitate our everyday work and study. Modern companies analyse sales of products as well as potential sales of products, programme

THE PROS AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
The Internet is without doubt one of the most important inventions in history. It was started in 1968 by the US government, but at first it was used mainly by scientists. Since 1990, when the World

Questions
1.When and by whom was the Internet started? 2.Who used the Internet at first? 3.When was WWW created? 4.What is the main use of the Internet? 5.What are the adv

PASSIVE VOICE
Perfect Tenses The Present Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect Passive are formed by means of the Present Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect of the auxiliary ver

UKRAINE
Today, Ukraine is included in all the world atlases. But there did exist maps on which Ukraine was not designated. In the past foreign invaders tried more than once to destroy and enslave the count

National Government
Ukraine is an independent state since adoption of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine on July 16, 1990. According to the Constitution of Ukraine adopted on June 28, 1996 Ukrain

Local Governments
Ukraine is divided into 24 regions called oblasts and the Crimean Autonomous republic. Each region has its local authorities. 2. Use the words from the box to complete the sentences

PASSIVE VOICE
(revision) 1. Match the two parts of these sentences to make well-known proverbs and sayings and find their Ukrainian equivalents in the box.

Teacher Student
They took you sightseeing about the town. About the town you say? Yes, I was taken sightseeing about the town. 1. The exhibition displayed in this museum greatly impressed everybody.

Text. Where To Go And What To See In Kyiv.
1.Read and say what new things you’ve learned from the text. Khreshchatyk, the beautiful many-faced, brightly-lit main street of Kyiv, hasn’t always been like this. Originally it was Khres

Topical Vocabulary.
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to fulfill raw materials processing industry maize sunflower millet cultivation crop rotation

Text. Successful Farming Depends on the Soil.
1.Read and translate. Successful farming means making the best and the most scientific use of natural conditions, land, crops, livestock, machinery and all the other things which have to b

If you had eaten proper food you would be healthy and happy now.
EXERCISES 1.Translate into Ukrainian. 1.If my mother buys a cake, we shall have a very nice tea-party. 2. If we receive a telegram from him, we shall not worry. 3. If you don’t wo

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to be founded struggle landowner settlement the museum of fine arts the museum of applied arts c

MY NATIVE TOWN.
Sumy was founded on the 25th of June, 1655. The founder of the town was the Ukrainian cossack Gerasim Kondratyev. When the Ukrainians struggled against the Polish landowners they had to

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to look forward to з нетерпінням чекати to have nothing to do не мати нічого спільного

Dialogue B.
-What a nice dress you are wearing! -It’s my dad’s present on March, 8th. He has brought it from Poland. -Do the Polish celebrate the Women’s Day? -I think the

Make up five sentences and translate them.
I’m afraid I was afraid I fear(ed) I worry lest the children should lose their way. he should forget to post the letter. we should miss

AT THE MAP OF GREAT BRITAIN
The British Isles consist of two main islands: Great Britain and Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland includes these two islands and over five hundred small islands. It

Text A. The State System of Great Britain
1.Read and translate the text using the dictionary. Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. The bodies of British Government are the legislative, executive, judiciary.

Dialogue A
-What are you looking at? -Don’t you see? This is the map of the British Isles. I am going to have my agricultural practice in Great Britain this summer. I try to find the town I shall wor

Dialogue B.
Volodymyr Vasylenko, a Ukrainian teacher of English, has been staying in London for a few months. Next Saturday morning he is leaving for Edinburgh. Last Tuesday Volodymyr saw Bernard Law, a Lon

Dialogue C.
Elections in Great Britain. V.: All your papers are writing about the coming election. Do you think the party in power will win the election? B.: They hope so. V.: Can yo

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
(continued) 3.Adverbial clauses of comparison and predicative clauses The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of comparison introduced by the conjunctio

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
(continued) 5. Subject clauses In subject clause after a principal clause of the type It is necessary, It is important etc. the Present Suppositional

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to the same extent coincide with dozen to be in rush holly mistletoe festive mood love-token

HOLIDAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN
National Days in Britain are not celebrated to the same extent as in France or America. Scotland’s National Day is St. Andrew’s Day (30 November), which has now largely been overshadowed by Burns’

Jesus Teaches
Love (Matthew 5.43-48) You have heard people say, “Love your neighbours and hate your enemies,” but tell you to love your enemies and pray for anyone who mistreats you

The English Home
Many English families live in flats, but most live in their own houses. On the ground floor they usually have the dining-room, the sitting-room, the kitchen, and the hall. In the hall ther

Fireplaces
In English homes, the fireplace has always been, until recent times, the natural centre of interest in a room. People may like to sit at a window on a summer day, but for many months of the year th

The Englishman’s Garden
The English are obsessed with flowers. If you don’t believe it’s true, look at all the gardening books in the bookshops, find out how many flowers arranging societies there are in England – thousan

View of Britain
Intrviewer: Hello. I’m interviewing people about what they like or don’t like about England. Can I ask you some questions? Helen: Yes, of course. I: Are you a

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to date датувати(ся) to dominate домінувати to preserve an antique way of

Dialogue A.
-Are all the pupils admitted to higher schools after successful finishing secondary schools? -Those who pass successfully their entrance/competitive exams. -Where is higher educat

Dialogue B.
-Do the students have to pay for education in Ukraine? -It’s common knowledge education in Ukraine is paid and free of charge as well. Students are also provided with monthly grants by the

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: the Commonwealth to unite decline aspiration to concern to convert an integrated part appendag

THE COMMONWEALTH
The Commonwealth is a free association of Britain and certain independent states, formerly the colonies of the British Empire. It was founded in 1949. The Commonwealth has no central government, an

Dialogue B.
Read, learn and act. -My French exchange visitor came yesterday. -What’s her name? -Marie-Ange. -What a pretty name! What’s she like? -She’s really nice

Suggested, insisted, shouted, agreed, whispered, claimed, muttered, boasted, objected, exclaimed, admitted, protested
1.”I can speak six languages fluently,” he said. 2.”Let’s go to the cinema this evening,” he said. 3.”Stop that noise in the classroom,” he said. 4.”That car you are driv

Encourage refuse promise demand suggest
1.”You must believe that I didn’t know it was stolen,” he said. 2.”I’ve never seen that man before,” he said. 3.”If you don’t leave, I’ll phone the police,” he said. 4.”I

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: giving credit to a great demand unemployed preservation nutritional value well-being flesh mus

Persuasive, brave, creative, patient, intelligent, polite, accurate, fair, friendly
1.Salespeople need to be … to get people to buy their products. 2.A scientist has to be … in order to understand complex theories. 3.Receptionists should be … in order to make peo

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to reorient decree to incur losses profit allotment ownership hired labour wage workers prop

ТАБЛИЦЯ НЕПРАВИЛЬНИХ ДІЄСЛІВ
be beat become begin bend bet bite blow break bring build burst buy catch choose come cost cut deal dig do draw drink drive

Text 3 Variety of Mammals
1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary. The living members of the class mammalia are today divided into three main sub-classes, according to differences in their anatomy a

To trace простежити
ancestorпредок forerunnerпопередник divergentщо розходиться, відхиляється to breedрозводити 2

To hunt полювати
load-bearerвантажо-тягач warfareвійна chariotколісниця to tillорати (землю) harness

СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
1. Бонк Н.А., Лукьянова Н.А., Памухина Л.Г. Учебник английского языка. 1,2 части. – Москва – Харьков, «Деконт» – «Торсинг»,1997. 2. Верба Г.В., Верба Л.Г. Довідник з граматики англійської

CONTENTS
Unit 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Unit 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

КУРІННИЙ Олексій В’ячеславович
  За редакцією к.філол.н., доцента КОБЖЕВА Олександра Миколайовича   Редактор: Н.О. Максимова   Технічний редактор: В.В. Щербак