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Text A. The State System of Great Britain

Text A. The State System of Great Britain - раздел Иностранные языки, АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА 1.read And Translate The Text Using The Dictionary. Great Britain Is...

1.Read and translate the text using the dictionary.

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy.

The bodies of British Government are the legislative, executive, judiciary.

At the head of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the King or, as at present, the Queen. But her power is not absolute. It is said that the Queen (King) reigns but doesn’t rule. She acts only on the advice of the ministers and Parliament. As head of the state the Queen reads the speech from the throne with which a new Parliamentary session is opened.

The legislature consists of the King or Queen and the two Houses of Parliament: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of 1000 peers (among there are the Lords ‘Spiritual and Temporal’) who are not elected by people. The Lords Spiritual are the two archbishops (Canterbury and York) and 24 bishops of the Church of England. The Lord Temporal included peers by hereditary right. But from October 1999 the right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords was abolished. During most sessions the House of Lords sits on about 140 days. The work of the House of Lords includes examining and revising bills from the House of Commons and discussing important matters which the Commons cannot find time to debate. The Speaker of the House of Lords who is usually a member of the Cabinet is the Lord Chancellor. The special seat on which the Lord Chancellor sits in the British Parliament is called the woolsack. The House of Lords has an important legal function in addition to its parliamentary work. It is the final court of appeal for civil cases in the whole of Britain, and for criminal cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

The House of Commons is an executive branch of the power and a nation-wide representative body. It is elected by a universal adult suffrage at a general election, within 5 years of the last election (now there are 659 elected members). Members of Parliament (MPs) are granted a salary for their parliamentary work. The extreme duration of the House of Commons is fixed at 5 years. The average number of sitting days in the House of Commons is about 175 days. Parliament deals with imposition of taxes, granting supplies, all matters concerning elections and other important questions.

Parliament in Great Britain has existed since 1265 and is the eldest Parliament in the world. The British parliamentary system depends on political parties. The party which wins the majority of seats forms the Government and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chooses about 20 MPs from his or her party to become the Cabinet of Ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area of the government. The Prime Minister informs the Queen of the general business of the Government, presides over the Cabinet. Cabinet is the real instrument of the Government. It runs the national affairs, control important government decisions, though the Prime Minister’s decision is final.

The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and ‘Shadow Cabinet’. Leader of the Opposition is a recognized post in the House of Commons. The official title of the Opposition is Her or His Majesty’s Loyal Opposition.

There is no written constitution in Great Britain. The main principles of British legislation are expressed in other documents, like “Magna Charta”, “Habeas Corpus Act”, “Bill of Rights”, the Parliamentary Act which decided the position of the House of Lords, and the Judicature Act. British legislation does not provide written guarantees of individual political rights.

The term ‘English Constitution’ means the leading principles, conventions, laws which are modified to suit the circumstances. A proposed law, a bill, has to go through three stages in order to become an Act of Parliament. These are called readings. The first reading is a formality and is simply the publication of the proposal. The second reading involves debate on the principles of the bill, its examination by a parliamentary committee, and the third reading - a report stage, when the work of the committee is reported on to the House. This is usually the most important stage in the process. If the majority of MPs still vote for the bill, it is sent to the House of Lords for discussion. When the Lords agree, the bill is taken to the Queen for royal assent. All bills must pass through both houses before being sent for signature by the Queen, when they become Acts of Parliament and the Law of the Land.

2.Make up the questions of different types on the text.

3.Compare the State System of Ukraine with that of Great Britain. Complete the table.

Ukraine Great Britain
Presidential republic parliamentary monarchy
…….. ………

Text B. Agriculture of Britain.

1.Read and translate.

Great Britain is an industrial country. But agriculture is also well-developed. It provides about 5 per cent of the gross national product. Four fifth of the land is devoted to agriculture. About one million people work on farms. Britain produces nearly two-thirds of its total food requirements. Britain is self-sufficient in milk, eggs, to a very great extend in meat, potatoes, wheat. However, it needs to import butter, cheese, sugar and some other agricultural products.

The climate of Great Britain and soils are not very favourable for the development of agriculture. It is developing thanks to modern technology and scientific research. The most productive area is Lowland Britain, which has fertile soil. In this part of the country they have arable lands. Britain is famous for world’s best pedigree cattle and the highest yield of grain crops.

The cereals wheat takes the lead. It is cultivated on over 40 per cent of the total cropland. The crop is mainly concentrated in the eastern parts of the country. The potatoes crop is widespread all throughout the country. Sugar from home-grown sugar beet provides about 55 per cent of the requirements. In England and Wales the chief crops are wheat and barley. In Scotland the leading crop is oats. In Northern Ireland vast area is under oats, flax and potatoes.

Horticulture produces a wide variety of fruit, vegetables and flower crops. The land utilized for horticulture is about 251,000 hectares. Scotland is known for the largest concentration of raspberry plantation in the world. Strawberries are the most popular soft fruit in Britain. 60 per cent of full-time farms are devoted mainly to dairy or beef cattle and sheep. Pig production is carried in most areas but it is particularly important in eastern Yorkshire and southern England, north-east Scotland and Northern Ireland. In the later 1990s there were twelve million heads of cattle, about 8 million pigs and 38 million heads of sheep. Poultry industry is growing rapidly and is becoming more important.

Britain’s second major source of food is the surrounding sea (the fishing industry). Woodland covers an estimate 2 million hectares (about 9 per cent of the total land area of the country).

At present most farms in Britain are large, commercial farms. There is a number of traditional family farms, but they are not characteristics.

The level of agricultural productivity in Britain is high. Britain obtains about half of the food from its own soil.

2.Find the equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations. Translate the sentences with them.

Забезпечувати, валовий національний продукт, присвячувати(ся), самозабезпечений, сприятливий, завдяки, племінна худоба, широкорозповсюджений, широкий вибір, ягода, молочна худоба, отримувати.

3.Answer the questions.

1.What part of the gross national product does Britain agriculture provide?

2.How much land is devoted to agriculture?

3.Britain is self-sufficient in milk, eggs, meat, potatoes, isn’t it?

4.What are the chief crops in England (Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland)?

5.What are the most popular fruit and vegetables?

6.What parts of Great Britain is pig production carried in ?

7.What is the second major source of food in Britain?

8.What farms are typical at present?

4.Translate the English proverbs; find the Ukrainian or Russian equivalents.

1. As you sow you shall mow.

2. Everything is good in its season.

3. Make hay while the sun shines.

4. Don’t kill the goose that lays the golden eggs (Aesop).

5.Recall the names of grain crops, fruit, vegetables and livestock and fill in the table.

grain crops fruit vegetables livestock
wheat … strawberry … potato … cow …

6. Compare the agriculture of Britain with that of Ukraine.

TALKING POINTS

1.Read, learn and act out.

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АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
    НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ПОСІБНИК   ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ ІI КУРСУ   ФАКУЛЬТЕТІВ БІОЛОГО-ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОГО   ТА ХАРЧОВИХ

ББК 81.2 АНГЛ-923+28 я73
  ISBN 966-8078-20-9 © Автори-упорядники Байдак Л.І., Дацко О.В., Камінська Н.М., Курінний О.В., 2003 © СНАУ, 2003 © БНВП "ЕОНС",

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To hunt полювати
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СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
1. Бонк Н.А., Лукьянова Н.А., Памухина Л.Г. Учебник английского языка. 1,2 части. – Москва – Харьков, «Деконт» – «Торсинг»,1997. 2. Верба Г.В., Верба Л.Г. Довідник з граматики англійської

CONTENTS
Unit 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Unit 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

КУРІННИЙ Олексій В’ячеславович
  За редакцією к.філол.н., доцента КОБЖЕВА Олександра Миколайовича   Редактор: Н.О. Максимова   Технічний редактор: В.В. Щербак

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