рефераты конспекты курсовые дипломные лекции шпоры

Реферат Курсовая Конспект

To hunt полювати

To hunt полювати - раздел Иностранные языки, АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА Load-BearerВантажо-Тягач WarfareВі...

load-bearerвантажо-тягач

warfareвійна

chariotколісниця

to tillорати (землю)

harnessупряж, збруя

truckбагажний візок

2.Make up the questions of different types to the text.

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Text 12. Proteins

1. Read and translate the text using a dictionary.

Proteins are of great importance for all life. The living tissues of plants and animals consist of protein material which is continually destroyed in the maintenance of life and must be restored.

Proteins are found in foods of both animal and plant origin. They are complex in nature and are composed of a number of amino acids present.

Certain amino acids can’t be built by the body. They are known as essential amino acids and must be supplied by the food eaten.

Variation in the quality of proteins has resulted in their classification as complete, partially complete and incomplete, based upon their ability to support normal growth and to maintain life even if it is the only protein in the diet.

A partially complete protein is one that maintains life but does not support normal growth.

An incomplete protein by itself neither support normal growth nor maintain life. Most animal proteins are complete. Plant proteins are more or less incomplete.

Vocabulary:

tissue continually to destroy maintenance to restore origin amino acid essential to supply to support тканина постійно знищувати, руйнувати підтримка відновлювати походження амінокислота важливий постачати підтримувати  

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Text 13. Protein and protoplasm

1. Read and translate the text, using a dictionary.

Proteins represent the stream of life. They make up the vital part of that essential jelly material of the living cell – the protoplasm. The beginning of life at this and perhaps at few other planets must have been associated with the formation of proteins. This word means “to make first place”, for there is no life without proteins.. Usually these most essential of life’s materials have the indefinite and glue-like form known as a colloid though some of them have been separated as pure and definite crystals.

Though the detailed structures of the molecules are complex, there are only a few chemical elements which enter into their composition. Most proteins contain 51 to 55 per cent carbon, about 7 per cent hydrogen, 20 to 23 per cent oxygen, 15 to 18 per cent nitrogen.

Vocabulary:

streamпотік

jelly materialжелеподібний матеріал

cellклітина

glue-likeклеєподібний

colloidколоїд

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Text 14. Fat and fatty acids

1. Read and translate the text, using a dictionary.

Fat makes our meals palatable and satisfying. Some fats and oils are important sources of vitamins A, D, E and K.

Fats provide various amounts of fatty acids known to be essential in diet.

Natural unsaturated fats are associated with the protein, minerals and vitamins characteristics of the food, as in milk or pork and also carry some vitamins.

Fatty acids that are common in food fats and oils fall into three broad classes according to their degree of saturation. The fully saturated fatty acids make up about 40 to 45 per cent in average diets. Saturated fatty acids may be any chain length from 4 to 18 or more carbons. The most common ones and their chain length are: stearic (18), palmitic (16), myristic (14) and lauric (12).

Beef contains 20 per cent of stearic and lard about 12 per cent.

Both animal and vegetable fats contain up to 5 per cent of various fatty substances that are not true fats but may be nutritionally important.

The complex composition of milk fat includes at least 64 different fatty acids. They contain from 4 to 26 carbon atoms with a relatively high proportion of short- chain. Many of saturated fatty acids are not found in other fats. In general, the fatty acids in milk fat are about 66% saturated, 30% monosaturated and 4% polyunsaturated. Milk fat is a small but dependable source of the essential fatty acids.

Vocabulary:

palatable unsaturated pork to fall into saturation chain length stearic palmitic myristic lauric lard polyunsaturated смачний ненасичений свинина розділятися насичення довжина ланцюжка стеариновий пальмітиновий міристиновий лауриновий сало поліненасичені

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Text 15. Carbohydrates

1. Read and translate the text, using a dictionary.

Carbohydrates are important in nutrition for many reasons. From carbohydrates we get most of energy which we need to act and move, perform work, live. Among the common carbohydrates are sugars and starches. They are composed of the chemical elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Although carbohydrates are mostly of vegetable origin, sugar is found in the blood streams of animals and of man. Many different kinds of carbohydrates occur in foods.

Only a few foods consist of pure carbohydrates. A well-known example of these is sugar. The term “sugar” to most people means cane or beet sugar, which is sucrose, but such products as milk, fruit, vegetables contain sugars other than sucrose. They differ from each other but all give the foods, in which they are present, a characteristic sweet taste.

The most common sugars are sucrose, glucose, lactose or milk sugar, fructose and others. They are found in beet and cane, fruit and honey, vegetables.

Starch like sugar is also built by the combination of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. We know the ability of green plants to build starch and the ability of the animal body to utilise it.

Foods high in carbohydrates are: cereal grains, honey, vegetables, cakes, candy, cereal products.

Vocabulary:

carbohydrate to perform starch although to occur cane sucrose utilize cereal вуглевод виконувати крохмаль хоч трапитися очерет, тростина сахароза використовувати злакові культури

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Text 16. What is a carbohydrate?

1. Read and translate the text, using a dictionary.

From carbohydrates we get most of the energy which we need to act and move, perform work, live. Among the carbohydrates are sugars, starches and cellulose. All green plants form carbohydrates. They are important in nutrition for many reasons. Some of them make our food sweet. Some of them cling to our teeth and serve as food for bacteria that cause tooth decay.

The body needs carbohydrates in order to use fat efficiently. Some diseases, such as diabetes, develop because the body is unable to use carbohydrates properly. The carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Most of the different kinds of carbohydrates are plant products. Plants make them by photosynthesis. Many different kinds of carbohydrates occur in foods. Not all are of equal importance in nutrition. Starch is the only polysaccharide that man can use efficiently. Nutritionally it is far and away the most important carbohydrate.

Besides providing energy carbohydrates affect food consumption indirectly through their flavour, through their influence on the amount of water into the stomach.

Vocabulary:

cling decay food consumption amount flavour чіплятися гниття споживання їжі кількість аромат, присмак

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Text 17. Constituents of milk

1. Read and translate the text, using a dictionary.

Scientists have revealed the composition and properties of milk by persistent study. It was early recognised that milk contains proteins, fats, sugar and minerals.

In the last half of the 19th century quickly developing chemistry helped to characterise the constituents of milk. When characterised constituents formed the overall picture of milk composition. By 1990 it was recognised that several different proteins are in milk, that milk fat is unique in composition, that milk sugar (lactose) is composed of two simpler sugars (glucose and galactose) and that milk contains different salts.

Since 1990 scientists has filled in and clarified numerous details in this picture. It was discovered that milk has all known vitamins except vitamin R and these vitamins are divided into two groups: fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.

The proteins in milk are composed of 20 amino acids, eight of which are essential for adults because they can’t be made by the body and must be obtained from food. The other 12 can be made by the body so are non-essential amino acids. Casein makes up 82 percent of the protein in milk. Because it contains the essential amino acids in levels needed by humans, casein is the standard for quality by which protein in other foods is measured.

Minerals in milk include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and zinc. Research indicates that a long-term deficiency of calcium may contribute to the development of osteoporosis.

Vitamins are found in both the fat and non-fat components of milk. Vitamins A and D are the major fat-soluble vitamins present in milk. The B vitamins, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and B12 are water-soluble vitamins present in milk. Milk is particularly an excellent source of riboflavin (B2), which regulates the body’s production of energy from dietary fat, carbohydrate and protein. It also promotes healthy skin and eyes.

Vocabulary:

constituentsскладова, компонент

to revealвідкрити

propertyвластивість

persistentнаполегливий

overallповний

uniqueунікальний

clarifyвносити ясність

fat-solubleрозчинні в жиру

water-solubleрозчинні в воді

potassiumкалій

magnesiumмагній

to indicateвказувати, означати

long-term deficiencyдовготривалий дефіцит

osteoporosisостеопороз

thiamineтіамін

niacinніацін

to promoteсприяти

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Text 18.Meat, chemical composition

1. Read and translate the text, using a dictionary.

Meats contain proteins, fats, water, inorganic salts, nitrogenous extractives, non-nitrogenous extractives, carbohydrates, enzymes and pigments. Meat is one of the most important sources of protein. The proportion of protein in meat varies somewhat with the kind and cut in beef, lamb and veal and comprises between 14 and 26 per cent in a given weight unit.

The protein of meat may be classified under simple proteins which when digested are broken down into groups called “building stones” or “amino acids”. The chief protein found in meat is myosin which is the basis of muscular tissue.

Meat contains enzymes which bring about ripening or ageing. Meats are rich sources of iron and phosphorus, however they are low in calcium and must be served with foods rich in calcium salts. Meat also contains copper which functions with iron in haemoglobin formation. Meat contains small amounts of extractives which although they have little food value are extremely important because they give flavour to meat and act as a stimulant to the flow of the digestive juices. The essential extractives found in meat are creatins and purins. They are called extractives because they may be extracted by boiling water. The extractives also contribute to the satiety value, which is one of the characteristics of meat.

Vocabulary:

nitrogenous extractive enzyme muscular tissue copper digestive juices satiety value азотний екстракт ензим м’язова тканина мідь травні соки поживна цінність

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Text 19.Composition of dairy foods

1.Read and translate the text, using a dictionary.

All dairy foods are made from milk, and their components are the same as those of milk but in varying amounts. Butter is an exception being comprised mainly of milk fat.

Milk is an oil-in-water type of emulsion (87% water), stabilized by complex phospholipids and proteins bound to the surface of the fat globules. It contains proteins, minerals, fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, enzymes and other organic compounds. A unique liquid food, its white appearance is produced by two salts, calcium caseinate and calcium phosphate.

PROTEINS

Milk’s principal proteins are casein (about 80%) and the whey proteins called lactalbumin and lactoglobulin. These proteins are complete or high quality; that is they contain in good proportion all the essential amino acids required by man. Essential amino acids are those that must be provided in food because the body cannot synthesize them at a rate sufficient to meet the needs for growth and maintenance. Most other animal proteins are also complete, but plant proteins are incomplete and have a lower biological value.

Cheese is also an excellent source of high quality protein. But since it does not contain whey proteins, its amino acid contribution differs from that of milk. Milk protein has a high coefficient of digestibility (87 to (05). In addition, when combinations of foods are eaten at the same meal, milk’s high quality protein complements the incomplete proteins.

FATS

Milk fat is 95 to 96% triglycerides; 0.8 to 1.0% phospholipids; 0.2 to 0.4% sterol – chiefly cholesterol; traces of free fatty acids, waxes and varying amounts of all the known fat-soluble vitamins. The complex composition of milk fat includes at least 64 different fatty acids, containing from 4 to 26 carbon atoms with a relatively high proportion of short-chain, saturated fatty acids, many of which are not found in other fats. In general, the fatty acids in milk fat are about 66% saturated, 30% monosaturated and 4% polyunsaturated.

CARBOHYDRATES

Milk is the only food source of the carbohydrate lactose, although it is the only significant carbohydrate in milk; traces of others, such as glucose and glucosamines, are also present. Lactose, a sugar, provides half of the solids in milk and contributes 30% of the food energy in whole milk.

Lactose has many beneficial characteristics. A relatively low solubility makes it less irritating to the stomach and intestine than highly soluble sugars. In addition, lactose increases the absorption of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and favourably affects the intestinal flora.

MINERALS

Milk contain some of all the minerals known to be needed for good nutrition. It contains calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, sulphur, and others in trace amounts. Calcium and phosphorus merit particular emphasis. The distribution of calcium in foods other than milk and dairy foods is not extensive.

Vocabulary:

to stabilize phospholipids fat globule synthesize rate sufficient to meet the needs for growth and maintenance trace beneficial solubility irritation intestine sulphur to merit стабілізувати фосфоліпіди гранули жиру синтезувати коефіцієнт, ступінь достатній забезпечити потреби росту та життєдіяльності організму слід корисний розчинність подразнення кишечник сірка заслуговувати

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Text 20. Factors affecting milk composition

1.Read and translate the text, using a dictionary.

GENETICS

Average genetic composition differences between species, ewe versus goat versus cow, and compared to human milk are considerable in absolute and relative terms. Ewe milk is generally much higher in solids contents than goat, cow's or human milks, but composition categories and contents of individual minerals, fatty acids and amino acids vary in different directions between the species, and without relation to higher or lower solids contents. The high solids content of ewe milk makes it generally superior to goat or cow milk for processing into cheese and yogurt, because of higher yield and firmer processing quality without additives. Nevertheless, published average data of milk of different species have to be used with caution, because within each species there are great genetic differences due to breeds and selected families, which can be used to market advantage.

Genetic differences in milk composition within species have a wide range for ewe milk fat from 4.6 percent to 12.6 percent and an average of 7.1 percent; for ewe milk protein from 4.8 to 7.2 percent and an average of 5.7 percent, depending on breed. Other components follow these ranges. It must be emphasized that cow's milks, when ewe or goat milks are compared with them, also have a wide composition range due to breeds. Goat milk composition likewise can have great differences, depending on breed, e.g. for milk fat from 2.3 percent to 6.9 percent and an average of 3.3 percent; for goat milk protein from 2.2 percent to 5.1 percent and an average of 3.4 percent.

Within species within breed one can identify through selective breeding considerable differences in milk composition. This includes genetic polymorphisms of milk proteins, which have commercial importance in cheese making.

Vocabulary:

average species ewe versus goat superior additives nevertheless due to caution breed advantage range likewise polymorphism середній вид вівця проти цап тут. кращий добавки не дивлячись на завдяки обережність порода перевага діапазон також, таким же чином поліморфізм

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АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
    НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ПОСІБНИК   ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ ІI КУРСУ   ФАКУЛЬТЕТІВ БІОЛОГО-ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОГО   ТА ХАРЧОВИХ

ББК 81.2 АНГЛ-923+28 я73
  ISBN 966-8078-20-9 © Автори-упорядники Байдак Л.І., Дацко О.В., Камінська Н.М., Курінний О.В., 2003 © СНАУ, 2003 © БНВП "ЕОНС",

I. The Use of Indefinite Tenses.
v The Present Indefinite is used: 1) to express a recurrent or permanent action in the present; e.g. He lives in Kiev with his mother. Він живе у Києві з м

II. The Formation of Indefinite Tenses.
Present Past Future   usually, often, always, seldom, hardly ever, occasionally yest

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: aspiration to cognition hence to be essential precious to be on the safe side to spare oneself t

TRAVELLING
Travelling is one of the things which allows people to satisfy their natural aspiration to cognition of the surrounding world. Modern life is impossible without travelling. Some people travel on bu

I. The Use of Continuous Tenses.
v The Present Continuous is used to express: 1) an action going on at the present moment, at the time of speaking; e.g. Why areyou crying?

Working.колипрацюю.
4) a planned future action mostly with verbs denoting motion. e.g. We are flyingto Paris Вранці ми вилітаємо до in the morning. Парижа. v The Past Con

II. The Formation of Continuous Tenses.
The Continuous Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Present, Past or Future Indefinite Tense and Present Participleof the ma

EXERCISES
1.Put the verb into the appropriate form. 1.I (not to drink) coffee now. I (to write) an English exercise. 2.Your friend (to do) his homework now? 3.Look! The baby (to sleep). 4.My father

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: compartment carriage obvious to board a train to stand in a queue to settle one’s business to bo

Text. Mistaken Identity.
1.Read and translate using the dictionary. Years ago I arrived one day at Salamanca, New York, where I was to change trains and take the sleeper. There were crowds of people on the platfor

Buying a ticket
A day return to London, please. A single to Birmingham, please. Two day returns to Oxford, please. An ordinary return to Cambridge, please. And which platform is

Dialogue C.
-Excuse me, don’t you think it is very stuffy in the compartment? -Yes, rather. -What about having the window open? -I don’t mind. Can you manage it? -I’ll try t

I. The Use of Perfect Tenses.
v The Present Perfect is used: 1) to express an action which took place before the present moment, when the speaker’s aim is to emphasize the present result of this action;

II. The Formation of Perfect Tenses.
The Perfect Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present, Past or Future Indefinite Tense and Participle IIof the main ver

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: means of transport to be at smb’s disposal altitude to cover the distance non-stop flight t

I. The Use of Perfect Continuous Tenses.
v The Present Perfect Continuous is used to express an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is either still continuing or just finished. e.g. His

II. The Formation of Perfect Continuous Tenses.
The Perfect Continuous Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present, Past or Future Perfect Tense and Participle Iof the m

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1.Remember the following words and word combinations: fast to drive a car wheel to switch on the motor to park traffic “jam” round-about to r

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Lots of teenagers dream of the day when they will be old enough to learn to drive (at age 17 in the UK) and have their own car. There are plenty of reasons why. They will be able to go out where th

The problems
Cars cause a lot of problems. Here are some of them. Put them in order from 1 to 6 (1 for the biggest problem, 6 for the smallest problem, in your opinion). · The roads are too bus

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Different countries have different ways of reducing traffic. Tick the ones that you think are good ideas. · In Britain, the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution has asked th

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1.Use Present Perfect (Continuous) or Past Perfect (Continuous). 1.I received a letter from Susan a few days ago. I (not to receive) letters from her since she left. 2.There are a l

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1.Remember the following words and word combinations: voyage quay to moor gangway deck to sail at a high speed rough pitch roll aft forward

Drop anchor at the pier
Max and his wife were taking ____ along the Black Sea coast on the “Karolina”. As we were spending the summer near Yalta we decided to meet them _____ . We arrived at the pier in time to see it ent

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1.Remember the following words and word combinations: customs (customs house) to prolong to declare to be liable to duty duty free a customs declaration

Going Through the Customs
-Are these three cases all you have, sir? -Yes. They’re all I have. -Well, would you , please, read this notice carefully? -Thank you. -Do you understand the not

The use of the Passive Voice
The Passive Voice can be used : a) without the doer of the action being mentioned (the doer is either unknown or unimportant) e.g. The telegram was sent yesterday. (Телегра

The formation of the Passive Voice.
The Passive Voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the required form and Participle II of the notional verb. to be + Ved(III)

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: single room номер для одного double room номер для двох suite [sw

Text A. A Letter
1.Render in English Newton Hotel, Manchester, 16th March 2002 Dear Paul, I was very pleased to receive your letter and to hear that Frederick i

Text B. A Bad Way To Begin A Marrige
1.Read and translate the text “I never thought it was going to be like this,” John said. He was talking about his honeymoon and he looked very disappointed. He and Ann, his bride, were wal

Passive Voice
be + Ved(3) Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Future Indefinite am/is/are Ved(3) wa

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:   postal order letter-box (pillar-box) registered letter Post Restante book-post par

Text B. Post Cards
1.Read and say what new things you’ve learned from the text. In the mid-19th century, Henry Cole was a well-known museum director. Every year he sent short notes to his friends

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1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to be in a good health to fall ill to examine smb to catch a cold to feel unwell to cough flu

AT THE DOCTOR’S
Good health is a great blessing. Everyone should do all to stay healthy. Being in a good health means having both body and mind in a good working state free from disease and pain. As a proverb says

Cause(s)… measures
a cough to put into prison for… a headache to sack from school for… pneumonia to take money for… cancer to ban… blood disease affect(

PASSIVE VOICE
Continuous Tenses The Present Continuous and the Past Continuous Passive are formed by means of the Present Continuous and the Past Continuous of the auxiliary verb to be and Partic

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1.Remember the following words and word combinations sales processing hardware tower keyboard printer software to be evident pros and cons witho

COMPUTERS
Today economy increasingly works with computers. Computers also facilitate our everyday work and study. Modern companies analyse sales of products as well as potential sales of products, programme

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The Internet is without doubt one of the most important inventions in history. It was started in 1968 by the US government, but at first it was used mainly by scientists. Since 1990, when the World

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PASSIVE VOICE
Perfect Tenses The Present Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect Passive are formed by means of the Present Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect of the auxiliary ver

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Today, Ukraine is included in all the world atlases. But there did exist maps on which Ukraine was not designated. In the past foreign invaders tried more than once to destroy and enslave the count

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Ukraine is an independent state since adoption of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine on July 16, 1990. According to the Constitution of Ukraine adopted on June 28, 1996 Ukrain

Local Governments
Ukraine is divided into 24 regions called oblasts and the Crimean Autonomous republic. Each region has its local authorities. 2. Use the words from the box to complete the sentences

PASSIVE VOICE
(revision) 1. Match the two parts of these sentences to make well-known proverbs and sayings and find their Ukrainian equivalents in the box.

Teacher Student
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Text. Where To Go And What To See In Kyiv.
1.Read and say what new things you’ve learned from the text. Khreshchatyk, the beautiful many-faced, brightly-lit main street of Kyiv, hasn’t always been like this. Originally it was Khres

Topical Vocabulary.
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to fulfill raw materials processing industry maize sunflower millet cultivation crop rotation

Text. Successful Farming Depends on the Soil.
1.Read and translate. Successful farming means making the best and the most scientific use of natural conditions, land, crops, livestock, machinery and all the other things which have to b

If you had eaten proper food you would be healthy and happy now.
EXERCISES 1.Translate into Ukrainian. 1.If my mother buys a cake, we shall have a very nice tea-party. 2. If we receive a telegram from him, we shall not worry. 3. If you don’t wo

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1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to be founded struggle landowner settlement the museum of fine arts the museum of applied arts c

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Sumy was founded on the 25th of June, 1655. The founder of the town was the Ukrainian cossack Gerasim Kondratyev. When the Ukrainians struggled against the Polish landowners they had to

Topical Vocabulary
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Dialogue B.
-What a nice dress you are wearing! -It’s my dad’s present on March, 8th. He has brought it from Poland. -Do the Polish celebrate the Women’s Day? -I think the

Make up five sentences and translate them.
I’m afraid I was afraid I fear(ed) I worry lest the children should lose their way. he should forget to post the letter. we should miss

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Text A. The State System of Great Britain
1.Read and translate the text using the dictionary. Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. The bodies of British Government are the legislative, executive, judiciary.

Dialogue A
-What are you looking at? -Don’t you see? This is the map of the British Isles. I am going to have my agricultural practice in Great Britain this summer. I try to find the town I shall wor

Dialogue B.
Volodymyr Vasylenko, a Ukrainian teacher of English, has been staying in London for a few months. Next Saturday morning he is leaving for Edinburgh. Last Tuesday Volodymyr saw Bernard Law, a Lon

Dialogue C.
Elections in Great Britain. V.: All your papers are writing about the coming election. Do you think the party in power will win the election? B.: They hope so. V.: Can yo

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(continued) 3.Adverbial clauses of comparison and predicative clauses The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of comparison introduced by the conjunctio

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
(continued) 5. Subject clauses In subject clause after a principal clause of the type It is necessary, It is important etc. the Present Suppositional

Topical Vocabulary
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National Days in Britain are not celebrated to the same extent as in France or America. Scotland’s National Day is St. Andrew’s Day (30 November), which has now largely been overshadowed by Burns’

Jesus Teaches
Love (Matthew 5.43-48) You have heard people say, “Love your neighbours and hate your enemies,” but tell you to love your enemies and pray for anyone who mistreats you

The English Home
Many English families live in flats, but most live in their own houses. On the ground floor they usually have the dining-room, the sitting-room, the kitchen, and the hall. In the hall ther

Fireplaces
In English homes, the fireplace has always been, until recent times, the natural centre of interest in a room. People may like to sit at a window on a summer day, but for many months of the year th

The Englishman’s Garden
The English are obsessed with flowers. If you don’t believe it’s true, look at all the gardening books in the bookshops, find out how many flowers arranging societies there are in England – thousan

View of Britain
Intrviewer: Hello. I’m interviewing people about what they like or don’t like about England. Can I ask you some questions? Helen: Yes, of course. I: Are you a

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to date датувати(ся) to dominate домінувати to preserve an antique way of

Dialogue A.
-Are all the pupils admitted to higher schools after successful finishing secondary schools? -Those who pass successfully their entrance/competitive exams. -Where is higher educat

Dialogue B.
-Do the students have to pay for education in Ukraine? -It’s common knowledge education in Ukraine is paid and free of charge as well. Students are also provided with monthly grants by the

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: the Commonwealth to unite decline aspiration to concern to convert an integrated part appendag

THE COMMONWEALTH
The Commonwealth is a free association of Britain and certain independent states, formerly the colonies of the British Empire. It was founded in 1949. The Commonwealth has no central government, an

Dialogue B.
Read, learn and act. -My French exchange visitor came yesterday. -What’s her name? -Marie-Ange. -What a pretty name! What’s she like? -She’s really nice

Suggested, insisted, shouted, agreed, whispered, claimed, muttered, boasted, objected, exclaimed, admitted, protested
1.”I can speak six languages fluently,” he said. 2.”Let’s go to the cinema this evening,” he said. 3.”Stop that noise in the classroom,” he said. 4.”That car you are driv

Encourage refuse promise demand suggest
1.”You must believe that I didn’t know it was stolen,” he said. 2.”I’ve never seen that man before,” he said. 3.”If you don’t leave, I’ll phone the police,” he said. 4.”I

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: giving credit to a great demand unemployed preservation nutritional value well-being flesh mus

Persuasive, brave, creative, patient, intelligent, polite, accurate, fair, friendly
1.Salespeople need to be … to get people to buy their products. 2.A scientist has to be … in order to understand complex theories. 3.Receptionists should be … in order to make peo

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to reorient decree to incur losses profit allotment ownership hired labour wage workers prop

ТАБЛИЦЯ НЕПРАВИЛЬНИХ ДІЄСЛІВ
be beat become begin bend bet bite blow break bring build burst buy catch choose come cost cut deal dig do draw drink drive

Text 3 Variety of Mammals
1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary. The living members of the class mammalia are today divided into three main sub-classes, according to differences in their anatomy a

To trace простежити
ancestorпредок forerunnerпопередник divergentщо розходиться, відхиляється to breedрозводити 2

СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
1. Бонк Н.А., Лукьянова Н.А., Памухина Л.Г. Учебник английского языка. 1,2 части. – Москва – Харьков, «Деконт» – «Торсинг»,1997. 2. Верба Г.В., Верба Л.Г. Довідник з граматики англійської

CONTENTS
Unit 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Unit 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

КУРІННИЙ Олексій В’ячеславович
  За редакцією к.філол.н., доцента КОБЖЕВА Олександра Миколайовича   Редактор: Н.О. Максимова   Технічний редактор: В.В. Щербак

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