Dialogue B. - раздел Иностранные языки, АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА -Do The Students Have To Pay For Education In Ukraine?
-It’S Common ...
-Do the students have to pay for education in Ukraine?
-It’s common knowledge education in Ukraine is paid and free of charge as well. Students are also provided with monthly grants by the state.
-Do all students in Ukraine receive grants?
-Not all, but the majority of them. Those who study well and take part in socially useful work. -Students from other cities and towns are provided with hostel accommodation at a very low cost, but as for their meals, they must solve the problem themselves.
2.Read, learn and act.
-Are there many foreign students in Ukraine?
-Students from about 150 countries study at higher and specialized secondary establishments of Ukraine.
-What is the tuition fee in Ukraine for a foreign student?
-It depends upon the higher establishment and the faculty.
-Do foreign students receive monthly grants?
-Yes, they do. They are paid twice as much as Ukrainian students.
-In what language is instruction given to foreign students?
-Instruction to foreign students is given in Ukrainian. If a foreign student doesn’t know Ukrainian, he has to take a year’s course in Ukrainian before he gets down to studying the specialty of his choice.
3.Speak about our university, about higher education in Ukraine.
UNIT 20
Grammar: Direct and Indirect (Reported) Speech. Reported Statements. Sequence of Tenses.
Topic:The Commonwealth
Reading:Text A. What Is International Trade?Text B. Relations Between Ukraine and English- Speaking Countries.
Talking Points
GRAMMAR
Direct and Reported (Indirect) Speech.
Reported Statements.Sequence of Tenses.
Direct Speech gives the exact words someone said. We use inverted commas in Direct Speech.
e.g. “It’s a nice day,” he said.
Reported Speech gives the exact meaning of what someone said but not the exact words. We do not use inverted commas in Reported Speech.
e.g. He said it was a nice day.
The sequence of tenses is a certain dependence of the tenses of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal clause: if the verb in the principle clause is in one of the past tenses, a past tense (or future in the past) must be used.
e.g. I knew he played the piano every day.
Reported Statements are usually introduced with say (that) or tell (that).
Say is used in Direct Speech. It is also used in Reported Speech when it is not followed by the person the words were spoken to. Tell is used din Reported Speech when it is followed by the person the words were spoken to.
e.g. “I won’t do it,” he said. ®He said (that) he wouldn’t do it.
“I won’t do it,” he said to me. ®He told me (that) he wouldn’t do it.
Tenses change in Reported Speech as follows:
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Present Indefinite
“She plays the piano,” he said.
Past Indefinite
He said (that) she played the piano.
Present Continuous
“She is playing the piano,” he said.
Past Continuous
He said (that) she was playing the piano.
Past Indefinite/Present Perfect
“She played/has played the piano,” he said.
Past Perfect
He said (that) she had played the piano.
Past Continuous/Present Perfect Continuous
“She was playing/has been playing the piano,” he said.
Past Perfect Continuous
He said (that) she had been playing the piano.
Future Indefinite
“She’ll play the piano,” he said.
would + V
He said (that) she would play the piano.
Future Continuous
“She’ll be playing the piano,” he said.
would be + Ving
He said (that) she would be playing the piano.
Past Perfectand Past Perfect Continuousdo not change in Reported Speech.
!Tenses do not change in Reported Speechwhen
· the reporting verb (to say, to tell) is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect.
e.g. “I’ve always enjoyed going for long walks,” she says.®She says that she’s always enjoyed going for long walks.
· the speaker expresses general truths, permanent states or conditions
e.g. “February the 14this Valentine’s Day,” he said. ® He said that February the 14this Valentine’s Day.
· the reported sentence deals with the second / third type conditionals or wishes
e.g. “It’s time you went to bed,” Mother said to us. ®Mother told us that it was time we went to bed.
Personal and possessive pronouns are shifted or remain unchanged according to sense.
e.g. She says, “I work on the farm.” ® She says (that) she works on the farm.
!Don’t forget about the changes of the adverbial modifies of time
Direct SpeechReported Speech
this that
these those
here there
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day,
the following day
yesterday the day before,
the previous day
next the following
last the previous
last year the year before
ago before
in two days two days later
EXERCISES
1.Translate into Ukrainian.
1.I knew that you were ill. 2.I knew that you had been ill. 3.We found that she left home at eight o’clock every morning. 4.We found that she had left home at eight o’clock that morning. 5.When he learnt that his son had received an excellent mark at school, he was very pleased. 6.We didn’t know where our friends went every evening. 7.She said that her best friend was a doctor. 8.I didn’t know that you had worked at the Hermitage.
2.Use the verb in the principal clause in the Past tense and make all the necessary changes.
A.1.She says she learns two foreign languages. 2.We know they live far from the centre of the town. 3.I believe he earns a lot of money. 4.I’m afraid they don’t know each other. 5.My friend says he works only three days a week.
B.1.We know she is talking to the dean. 2.He thinks his parents are sleeping. 3.They say it’s raining hard in their district. 4.Mother believes Tom is doing his homework. 5.I suppose they are going to spend their holidays in Egypt.
C.1.She says she has known the Smith for a long time. 2.Jane tells me she has had her lunch already. 3.I don’t know who has brought the telegram. 4.Kate says she has been to Britain several times. 5.They announce that the plane has landed.
D.1.They say they received the letter yesterday. 2.She writes they moved into the new flat a month ago. 3.Mother says Jack returned an hour ago. 4.He tells us her husband met with an accident a few days ago. 5.I know you didn’t visit Bath when you were in England.
E.1.I suppose my friend will come to the party. 2.The weather forecast says the weather will change for the better next week. 3.I’m sure our team will win the game. 4.We hope the film will be interesting. 5.She says she will cook the dinner herself.
F.1.George says he will be watching TV at home. 2. We know they’ll be waiting for us at the entrance to the theatre. 3.I suppose Julia will be wearing her new dress tomorrow. 4.He doesn’t know what he’ll be doing tonight. 5.I think they’ll be quarrelling again.
G.1.The teacher says her students will have finished the test by 11 o’clock. 2.I’m sure she will help you if you ask. 3.We know we won’t go to the country if it rains. 4.I know I can do it without anybody’s help. 5.The weather forecast says the weather may change.
3.Yesterday you met a friend of yours. Charlie told you a lot of things. Here are some of the things he said to you.
1.I’m going to live in Canada.
2.My father is in the hospital.
3.Nora and Jim are getting married next month.
4.I haven’t seen Bill for a while.
5.I’ve been playing tennis a lot recently.
6.Margaret has had a baby.
7.I don’t know what Fred is doing.
8.I hardly ever go out these days.
9.You can come and stay with me if you are ever in London.
Later that day you tell another friend what Charlie said. Use reported speech.
1.Charlie said that he was thinking of going to live in Canada.
2.. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.Write the following sentences in the past.
1.My uncle says he has just come back from the Caucasus. 2.He says it did him a lot of good. 3.He says he feels better now. 4.He says his wife and he spent most of their time on the beach. 5.He says he has a good camera. 6.He says he took many photographs while travelling in the Caucasus. 7.He says he will come to us next Sunday.
5.Complete these sentences with said, toldortalked.
M O D E L: Tom saidthat he didn’t like Brian.
1.Jack … me that he was enjoying his new job.
2.Tom … it was a nice restaurant but I didn’t like it.
3.The doctor … that I would have to rest for at least a week.
4.Mrs. Taylor … us she wouldn’t be able to come to the next meeting.
5.Ann … Tom that she was going away.
6.George couldn’t help me. He … to ask Jack.
7.At the meeting the chairman … about the problems facing the company.
8.Jill … us all about her holiday in the Crimea.
6.Choose the proper adverb or the adverbial phrase.
1.Mr Brown said the manager would be back in London (tomorrow, the following day). 2.He says he enjoyed the film (yesterday, the previous day). 3.The secretary told Mr Black that Mr Brown had called him up (two hours ago, two hours before). 4.The secretary said Mr Brown was engaged (now, then). 5.Mary says she will book tickets for the cinema (tomorrow, the next day). 6.The journalist said that Bondarev’s new novel would be out (next month, the following month). 7.He said that he had finished his new collection of stories (last month, the previous month).
7.Choose the proper tense-form of the verb.
1.He said the novel (is, was) very interesting. 2.Mary said the weather forecast for the next day (is, was) bad. 3.He told her that many of the students (will go, would go), to the football ground the next day. 4.The boys say they always (have supported, had supported) Spartak. 5.Peter said he (will attend, would attend) the music Festival if it (takes place, took place) the following June. 6.Miss Hornby says that there (is, was) a message for Mr Brown. 7.He said he (will finish, would finish) his new collection of poems the following May. 8.He said he (is staying, was staying) at the “Ritz” Hotel. 9.They realized that they (lost, had lost) their way in the dark. 10.He asked me where I (study, studied). 11.I thought that I (shall finish, should finish) my work at that time. 12.He said he (worked, had worked) at school two years ago. 13.Victor said he (is, was) very busy. 14.He said he (will come, would come) to the station to see me off. 15.I want to know what he (has bought, had bought) for her birthday.
8.Use Reported Speech.
1.Tom said, “I’m leaving for France in a few days.” 2.Kate said, “I have never been to Brazil. I want to visit it this summer.” 3.Mother thought, “We’ll have to buy a lot of things for Helen when she goes to school next September.” 4.Father complained, “I haven’t had a real holiday for the last five years or so.” 5.We said, “We hope he will pass his exams successfully if nothing happens.” 6.She announced, “We are engaged and going to be married as soon as Harris buys a house.” 7.The guide said, “By the end of your stay here you’ll have seen all the sights of the town.” 8.Ann said, “I have been working hard the whole day and I’m very tired.” 9.She said, “We became friends when we left college.” 10.He said, “She was seventeen and I was twenty-seven when we first met.”
9.Express the opposite of what is said in the sentences:
M O D E L: It is very far from here. – I thought you said it wasn’t far.
1.They have returned from Canada. 2.English is very easy. 3.Bill and Kate are going to get married in May. 4.I want to be famous. 5.This idea will work. 6.His parents are going to be here next month. 7.We enjoyed the game. 8.I’m going to wear this dress at the party. 9.It will be very noisy when the new road is built. 10.I’ve got a lot of things to do today.
10.a)Read the following pairs of sentences. What has changed? Why do some tenses remain the same?
1.a) “The Earth goes round the sun,” he said.
b) He said the Earth goes round the sun.
2.a) “I wish she were here,” he said.
b) He said he wished she were there.
3.a) “My job is stressful,” she says.
b) She says her job is stressful.
4.a) “The phone rang while I was cooking lunch,” he said.
b) He said the phone had rung/rang while he was cooking lunch.
b)Rewrite in reported speech.
1.”If I were you, I’d apologise,” he said. 2.”The moon is flat,” he said. 3.”Water boils at 100°C,” he said. 4.”He is rather boring,” she says. 5.”As we were walking down the street, someone stopped in front of us,” he said. 6.”February the 14th is Valentine’s Day,” he said.
11.Translate into English.
1.Ми вчора дізнались, що вона хвора. 2.Я знав, що моя сестра вивчає французьку мову, і думав, що вона поїде в Париж. 3.Мені сказали, що ти мені телефонував. 4.Я думав, що ти в Москві. 5.Вчений був впевнений, що знайде рішення проблеми. 6.Я знав, що ти приїхав з Києва, і думав, що ти відвідаєш мене. 7.Ми сподівалися, що поїдемо в Лондон. 8.Ми побачили, що діти граються в піску. 9.Моя двоюрідна сестра сказала, що любить оперу і буде рада з нами піти в театр, хоча вже двічі слухала цю оперу.
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I. The Use of Indefinite Tenses.
v The Present Indefinite is used:
1) to express a recurrent or permanent action in the present;
e.g. He lives in Kiev with his mother. Він живе у Києві з м
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
aspiration to
cognition
hence
to be essential
precious
to be on the safe side
to spare oneself t
TRAVELLING
Travelling is one of the things which allows people to satisfy their natural aspiration to cognition of the surrounding world. Modern life is impossible without travelling. Some people travel on bu
I. The Use of Continuous Tenses.
v The Present Continuous is used to express:
1) an action going on at the present moment, at the time of speaking;
e.g. Why areyou crying?
Working.колипрацюю.
4) a planned future action mostly with verbs denoting motion.
e.g. We are flyingto Paris Вранці ми вилітаємо до
in the morning. Парижа.
v The Past Con
II. The Formation of Continuous Tenses.
The Continuous Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Present, Past or Future Indefinite Tense and Present Participleof the ma
EXERCISES
1.Put the verb into the appropriate form.
1.I (not to drink) coffee now. I (to write) an English exercise. 2.Your friend (to do) his homework now? 3.Look! The baby (to sleep). 4.My father
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
compartment
carriage
obvious
to board a train
to stand in a queue
to settle one’s business
to bo
Text. Mistaken Identity.
1.Read and translate using the dictionary.
Years ago I arrived one day at Salamanca, New York, where I was to change trains and take the sleeper. There were crowds of people on the platfor
Buying a ticket
A day return to London, please.
A single to Birmingham, please.
Two day returns to Oxford, please.
An ordinary return to Cambridge, please.
And which platform is
Dialogue C.
-Excuse me, don’t you think it is very stuffy in the compartment?
-Yes, rather.
-What about having the window open?
-I don’t mind. Can you manage it?
-I’ll try t
I. The Use of Perfect Tenses.
v The Present Perfect is used:
1) to express an action which took place before the present moment, when the speaker’s aim is to emphasize the present result of this action;
II. The Formation of Perfect Tenses.
The Perfect Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present, Past or Future Indefinite Tense and Participle IIof the main ver
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
means of transport
to be at smb’s disposal
altitude
to cover the distance
non-stop flight
t
I. The Use of Perfect Continuous Tenses.
v The Present Perfect Continuous is used to express an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is either still continuing or just finished.
e.g. His
II. The Formation of Perfect Continuous Tenses.
The Perfect Continuous Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present, Past or Future Perfect Tense and Participle Iof the m
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
fast
to drive a car
wheel
to switch on the motor
to park
traffic “jam”
round-about
to r
My own car
Lots of teenagers dream of the day when they will be old enough to learn to drive (at age 17 in the UK) and have their own car. There are plenty of reasons why. They will be able to go out where th
The problems
Cars cause a lot of problems. Here are some of them. Put them in order from 1 to 6 (1 for the biggest problem, 6 for the smallest problem, in your opinion).
· The roads are too bus
Solutions from around the world
Different countries have different ways of reducing traffic. Tick the ones that you think are good ideas.
· In Britain, the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution has asked th
EXERCISES
1.Use Present Perfect (Continuous) or Past Perfect (Continuous).
1.I received a letter from Susan a few days ago. I (not to receive) letters from her since she left. 2.There are a l
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
voyage
quay
to moor
gangway
deck
to sail at a high speed
rough
pitch
roll
aft
forward
Drop anchor at the pier
Max and his wife were taking ____ along the Black Sea coast on the “Karolina”. As we were spending the summer near Yalta we decided to meet them _____ . We arrived at the pier in time to see it ent
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
customs (customs house)
to prolong
to declare
to be liable to duty
duty free
a customs declaration
Going Through the Customs
-Are these three cases all you have, sir?
-Yes. They’re all I have.
-Well, would you , please, read this notice carefully?
-Thank you.
-Do you understand the not
The use of the Passive Voice
The Passive Voice can be used :
a) without the doer of the action being mentioned (the doer is either unknown or unimportant)
e.g. The telegram was sent yesterday. (Телегра
The formation of the Passive Voice.
The Passive Voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the required form and Participle II of the notional verb.
to be + Ved(III)
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
single room номер для одного
double room номер для двох
suite [sw
Text A. A Letter
1.Render in English
Newton Hotel, Manchester,
16th March 2002
Dear Paul,
I was very pleased to receive your letter and to hear that Frederick i
Text B. A Bad Way To Begin A Marrige
1.Read and translate the text
“I never thought it was going to be like this,” John said. He was talking about his honeymoon and he looked very disappointed. He and Ann, his bride, were wal
Passive Voice
be + Ved(3)
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Future Indefinite
am/is/are Ved(3)
wa
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
postal order
letter-box (pillar-box)
registered letter
Post Restante
book-post
par
Text B. Post Cards
1.Read and say what new things you’ve learned from the text.
In the mid-19th century, Henry Cole was a well-known museum director. Every year he sent short notes to his friends
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to be in a good health
to fall ill
to examine smb
to catch a cold
to feel unwell
to cough
flu
AT THE DOCTOR’S
Good health is a great blessing. Everyone should do all to stay healthy. Being in a good health means having both body and mind in a good working state free from disease and pain. As a proverb says
Cause(s)… measures
a cough to put into prison for…
a headache to sack from school for…
pneumonia to take money for…
cancer to ban…
blood disease affect(
PASSIVE VOICE
Continuous Tenses
The Present Continuous and the Past Continuous Passive are formed by means of the Present Continuous and the Past Continuous of the auxiliary verb to be and Partic
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations
sales
processing
hardware
tower
keyboard
printer
software
to be evident
pros and cons
witho
COMPUTERS
Today economy increasingly works with computers. Computers also facilitate our everyday work and study. Modern companies analyse sales of products as well as potential sales of products, programme
THE PROS AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
The Internet is without doubt one of the most important inventions in history. It was started in 1968 by the US government, but at first it was used mainly by scientists. Since 1990, when the World
Questions
1.When and by whom was the Internet started?
2.Who used the Internet at first?
3.When was WWW created?
4.What is the main use of the Internet?
5.What are the adv
PASSIVE VOICE
Perfect Tenses
The Present Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect Passive are formed by means of the Present Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect of the auxiliary ver
UKRAINE
Today, Ukraine is included in all the world atlases. But there did exist maps on which Ukraine was not designated. In the past foreign invaders tried more than once to destroy and enslave the count
National Government
Ukraine is an independent state since adoption of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine on July 16, 1990.
According to the Constitution of Ukraine adopted on June 28, 1996 Ukrain
Local Governments
Ukraine is divided into 24 regions called oblasts and the Crimean Autonomous republic. Each region has its local authorities.
2. Use the words from the box to complete the sentences
PASSIVE VOICE
(revision)
1. Match the two parts of these sentences to make well-known proverbs and sayings and find their Ukrainian equivalents in the box.
Teacher Student
They took you sightseeing about the town. About the town you say? Yes, I was taken sightseeing about the town.
1. The exhibition displayed in this museum greatly impressed everybody.
Text. Where To Go And What To See In Kyiv.
1.Read and say what new things you’ve learned from the text.
Khreshchatyk, the beautiful many-faced, brightly-lit main street of Kyiv, hasn’t always been like this. Originally it was Khres
Topical Vocabulary.
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to fulfill
raw materials
processing industry
maize
sunflower
millet
cultivation
crop rotation
Text. Successful Farming Depends on the Soil.
1.Read and translate.
Successful farming means making the best and the most scientific use of natural conditions, land, crops, livestock, machinery and all the other things which have to b
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to be founded
struggle
landowner
settlement
the museum of fine arts
the museum of applied arts
c
MY NATIVE TOWN.
Sumy was founded on the 25th of June, 1655. The founder of the town was the Ukrainian cossack Gerasim Kondratyev. When the Ukrainians struggled against the Polish landowners they had to
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to look forward to з нетерпінням чекати
to have nothing to do не мати нічого спільного
Dialogue B.
-What a nice dress you are wearing!
-It’s my dad’s present on March, 8th. He has brought it from Poland.
-Do the Polish celebrate the Women’s Day?
-I think the
Make up five sentences and translate them.
I’m afraid
I was afraid
I fear(ed)
I worry
lest
the children should lose their way.
he should forget to post the letter.
we should miss
AT THE MAP OF GREAT BRITAIN
The British Isles consist of two main islands: Great Britain and Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland includes these two islands and over five hundred small islands. It
Text A. The State System of Great Britain
1.Read and translate the text using the dictionary.
Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy.
The bodies of British Government are the legislative, executive, judiciary.
Dialogue A
-What are you looking at?
-Don’t you see? This is the map of the British Isles. I am going to have my agricultural practice in Great Britain this summer. I try to find the town I shall wor
Dialogue B.
Volodymyr Vasylenko, a Ukrainian teacher of English, has been staying in London for a few months. Next Saturday morning he is leaving for Edinburgh. Last Tuesday Volodymyr saw Bernard Law, a Lon
Dialogue C.
Elections in Great Britain.
V.: All your papers are writing about the coming election. Do you think the party in power will win the election?
B.: They hope so.
V.: Can yo
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
(continued)
3.Adverbial clauses of comparison and predicative clauses
The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of comparison introduced by the conjunctio
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
(continued)
5. Subject clauses
In subject clause after a principal clause of the type It is necessary, It is important etc. the Present Suppositional
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to the same extent
coincide with
dozen
to be in rush
holly
mistletoe
festive mood
love-token
HOLIDAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN
National Days in Britain are not celebrated to the same extent as in France or America. Scotland’s National Day is St. Andrew’s Day (30 November), which has now largely been overshadowed by Burns’
Jesus Teaches
Love
(Matthew 5.43-48)
You have heard people say, “Love your neighbours and hate your enemies,” but tell you to love your enemies and pray for anyone who mistreats you
The English Home
Many English families live in flats, but most live in their own houses.
On the ground floor they usually have the dining-room, the sitting-room, the kitchen, and the hall. In the hall ther
Fireplaces
In English homes, the fireplace has always been, until recent times, the natural centre of interest in a room. People may like to sit at a window on a summer day, but for many months of the year th
The Englishman’s Garden
The English are obsessed with flowers. If you don’t believe it’s true, look at all the gardening books in the bookshops, find out how many flowers arranging societies there are in England – thousan
View of Britain
Intrviewer: Hello. I’m interviewing people about what they like or don’t like about England. Can I ask you some questions?
Helen: Yes, of course.
I: Are you a
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to date датувати(ся)
to dominate домінувати
to preserve an antique way of
Dialogue A.
-Are all the pupils admitted to higher schools after successful finishing secondary schools?
-Those who pass successfully their entrance/competitive exams.
-Where is higher educat
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
the Commonwealth
to unite
decline
aspiration
to concern
to convert
an integrated part
appendag
THE COMMONWEALTH
The Commonwealth is a free association of Britain and certain independent states, formerly the colonies of the British Empire. It was founded in 1949. The Commonwealth has no central government, an
Dialogue B.
Read, learn and act.
-My French exchange visitor came yesterday.
-What’s her name?
-Marie-Ange.
-What a pretty name! What’s she like?
-She’s really nice
Encourage refuse promise demand suggest
1.”You must believe that I didn’t know it was stolen,” he said.
2.”I’ve never seen that man before,” he said.
3.”If you don’t leave, I’ll phone the police,” he said.
4.”I
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
giving credit to
a great demand
unemployed
preservation
nutritional value
well-being
flesh
mus
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to reorient
decree
to incur losses
profit
allotment
ownership
hired labour
wage workers
prop
ТАБЛИЦЯ НЕПРАВИЛЬНИХ ДІЄСЛІВ
be
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bite
blow
break
bring
build
burst
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
deal
dig
do
draw
drink
drive
Text 3 Variety of Mammals
1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
The living members of the class mammalia are today divided into three main sub-classes, according to differences in their anatomy a
To trace простежити
ancestorпредок
forerunnerпопередник
divergentщо розходиться, відхиляється
to breedрозводити
2
To hunt полювати
load-bearerвантажо-тягач
warfareвійна
chariotколісниця
to tillорати (землю)
harness
СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
1. Бонк Н.А., Лукьянова Н.А., Памухина Л.Г. Учебник английского языка. 1,2 части. – Москва – Харьков, «Деконт» – «Торсинг»,1997.
2. Верба Г.В., Верба Л.Г. Довідник з граматики англійської
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