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Lesson Six

Lesson Six - раздел Иностранные языки, Практикум по фонетике английского языка · Consonants: /h/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/...

· Consonants: /h/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/

· Vowels: /ɒ/, /ɔː/, /ɜː/

· Loss of aspiration

· Digraphs

· Intonation: Apposition, Parenthesis, Compound adjective, Enumeration

· Text: Betty Smith, Doctor Sandford’s family

/h/ – glottal, voiceless, fricative, noise, consonant

При его произнесении в области зева образуется неполная преграда сближением корня языка и задней стенки зева. Язык в момент произнесения /h/ принимает положение для последующего гласного. Звук /h/ встречается только перед гласными и на слух представляет собой лишь выдох. При произнесении русского /х/ задняя часть языка высоко поднята к небу. При ошибке типа /х/ следует ослабить согласный до легкого выдоха, предшествующего гласному.

 

Ex.6.1. Read the words.

/hæt/ /hɑːt/ /hɪǝ/ /ˈhelɪkɒptǝ/ /hǝˈlǝʊ/
/hǝʊld/ /hɪl/ /hɔːs/ /ˈhændbæg/ /ˈhæpi/

Ex.6.2. Listen and read.

/h/ h hat here help hot how behind
wh who whose whole      

Ex.6.3. Listen and repeat.

1. Hi, hello, how are you? 4. We had a whole month’s holiday.

2. Whose hat is this? 5. Can you help me for half an hour?

3. It’s hot in here. 6. Who’s who?

Ex.6.4. Listen and repeat.

/iː/ - /hiː/ /ɑːt/ - /hɑːt/ /hǝ͵lǝʊ/ /gǝʊ、hǝʊm/ – /gǝʊ͵hǝʊm/

/ɪz/ - /hɪz/ /hɪz hed/ /hǝʊˈtel/ /ˈdǝʊnt gǝʊ、hǝʊm/

/ɑːm/ - /hɑːm/ /hɪz hɑːt/ /ˈhɒspɪtl/ /ˈdǝʊnt gǝʊ͵hǝʊm/

Ex.6.5. Write these words. Listen and check.

Example: /hed/ head

/hæt/ /haʊ/ /həʊm/ /hɑːf/ /haɪ/ /huː/
           

/ɜː/ – vowel, non-labialized, mediolingual, long, monophthong

При произнесении /ɜː/ язык приподнят, спинка языка лежит плоско, кончик языка находится у нижних зубов, зубы чуть обнажены, расстояние между верхними и нижними зубами небольшое. В случае ошибки типа /е/, /э/ не следует слишком растягивать губы. В случае ошибки типа /о/ следует добиться нейтрального положения губ, не открывать широко рот, продвинуть язык слегка вперед, добиваясь его плоского уклада.


Ex.6.6. Read the words.

/pɜːl/ /wɜːk/ /ˈɜːli/ /ˈθɜːsti/ /ˈθɜːti/
/ʃɜːt/ /bɜːd/ /ɜːn/ /skɜːt/ /ˈpɜːsən/

Ex.6.7. Listen and read.

/ɜː/ ir bird first birthday circle thirty    
or word work world worse worst    
ur turn Thursday          
our journey            
ear early earth heard learn      
er service Germany prefer dessert weren’t verb university

Ex.6.8. Listen and repeat.

1. My birthday’s on Thursday the thirty first, and hers is a week later.

2. When would you prefer, Tuesday or Thursday?

3. That was the worst journey in the world.

4. Have you ever heard this word?

5. A: The cakes weren’t very good.

B: I thought they were.

6. She went to university to learn German.

Ex.6.9. Listen and put the words in the correct groups.

beard, car, chair, church, curtains, dirty, door, floor, four, girl, horse, large, March, near, nurse, pair, parked, purse, shirt, shorts, stars, surfer, third, warm, wearing

words with /ɜː/ words with /ɔː/ words with /ɑː/ words with other sounds
church door car beard
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       

Ex.6.10. Listen and write the numbers you hear. Transcribe those that have sound /ɜː/

Example: 42

1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.

Ex.6.11. Listen and repeat.

/sɜː/ - /sɜːv/ - /sɜːf/ /ɜːn/ /ənˈɜːli ˈbɜːd/

/fɜː/ - /lɜːn/ - /nɜːs/ /ˈɜːli/ /ðəˈfɜːst ˈvɜːb/

/bɜː/ - /bɜːd/ - /bɜːθ/ /ɜːθ/ /ðəˈθɜːti ˈfɜːst/


Ex.6.12. Read the sentences and react with intonation of surprise or doubt. Use low rise.

Example: This is an oak. – ͵Isn’t it? This isn’t an oak. – ͵Is it?

1. This is a garden. 2. This is a mill. 3. This isn’t a penny. 4. This isn’t a star. 5. This is a cock. 6. This isn’t a fox. 7. This is a clock. 8. This isn’t a dog.

Потеря аспирации (Loss of Aspiration) – согласные /k/, /t/, /p/ теряют аспирацию в положении после согласного /s/. Например, /spɒt/

Степень аспирации наиболее сильная в ударном слоге, в конце слова и безударном слоге аспирация звучит значительно слабее.

/phound/ – /sneɪkh/ – /thǝˈdeɪ/ – /ˈspheʃǝl/

Ex.6.13. Read the words and observe different degrees of aspiration.

  1. peace, pin, pen, point, key, calm, come, could, kind, team, turn, touch, time, tour;
  2. deep, loop, shop, hope, met, rat, hurt, night, neck, book, duck, soak, like;
  3. polite, perceive, position, pollution, together, tomorrow, terrific, corrupt, conclude;
  4. speed, spill, sparrow, spoon, spider, steals, stick, star, storm, spare, scheme, skin, scan.

 

peak – speak pan – span peace – masterpiece – speed

keen – skin can – scan case – staircase – skate

take – stake top – stop test – protest – step

Kate – skate pair – spare tip – city – stick

team – steam teller – Stella tight – appetite – style

/ʃ/ palato-alveolar, forelingual (apical), voiceless, fricative, noise consonant

/ʒ/ palato-alveolar, forelingual (apical), voiced, fricative, noise consonant

При произнесении этих звуков кончик языка находится у альвеол, а средняя часть языка поднимается к твердому небу. Поднятием средней части языка к твердому небу и объясняется тот оттенок мягкости, которым английские /ʃ/ /ʒ/ отличаются от русских твердых согласных звуков /ш/, /ж/. Чтобы избежать ошибки типа русских звуков /ш/, /ж/ следует поднять среднюю часть языка.

Ex.6.14. Read the words.

/ʃuː/ /ʃiːt/ /ˈɪŋglɪʃ/ /ˈrʌʃn/ /dɪˈlɪʃǝs/
/ʃiː/ /ʃeɪk/ /fæʃn/ /ˈtɜːkɪʃ/ /prǝˌnʌnsɪˈeɪʃn/

Ex.6.15. Listen and read.

/ʃ/ sh shop fashion cash fresh wash mushroom
c ocean          
ch machine        
ci delicious special        
s sugar sure        
ss Russia          
ti international          


Ex.6.16. Listen and repeat.

1. This is a very special pronunciation machine.

2. All our food is fresh and we serve, delicious international specialties.

3. A: You didn’t put sugar in my tea, did you? B: No. A: Are you sure?

Ex.6.17. Write these words. Listen and check.

Example: /ˈʃʊgǝ/ – sugar

/fɪʃ/   /ˈfɪnɪʃ/   /ʃɔːt/  
/steɪʃn/   /ʃaʊt/   /dɪʃ/  

 

Ex.6.18. Read the words.

/ˈtelɪvɪʒn/ /dɪˈsɪʒn/ /ˈmeʒǝ/ /ˈtreʒǝ/ /ˈeɪʒǝ/
/ˈjuːʒʊǝli/ /ˈpleʒǝ/ /gǝˈrɑːʒ/ /ˈkæʒʊǝl/ /kǝˈlɪʒn/

Ex.6.19. Listen and read.

/ʒ/ television Asia usually      

Ex.6.20. Listen and repeat.

A. Do you like sport?

B. Yes, but only on television, usually.

Ex.6.21. Listen and repeat.

/ʃiː/ /ʃæl/ /ʃiˑ、ɪz/ /hiˑ、ɪz/ /aɪ、æm/

/fɪʃ/ /ˈfɪnɪʃ/ /ʃiˑ、ɪznt/ /hiˑ、ɪznt/ /aɪǝm、nɒt/

/ˈmeʒǝ/ /ˈpleʒǝ/ /ʃiˑ ɪz、nɒt/ /hiˑɪz、nɒt/ /͵æmaɪ/

/dɪˈvɪʒn/ /dɪˈsɪʒn/ /͵ɪz ʃiˑ/ /͵ɪz hiˑ/

/ɒ/ – vowel, labialized, backlingual, short monophthong

/ɔː/ – vowel, labialized, backlingual, long monophthong

При произнесении /ɒ/ язык находится в задней части полости рта, задняя часть языка слегка приподнята, рот широко раскрыт, губы округлены. По сравнению с /ɑː/ английский гласный /ɒ/ несколько более задний и закрытый. В отличие от английского /ɒ/ русский гласный /о/ менее открытый, губы сильно округлены. В случае ошибки типа русского /о/ следует шире раскрыть рот, ниже опустить и отодвинуть язык, округляя губы, не вытягивать их вперед и несколько сократить звук.

При произнесении /ɔː/ язык находится в задней части полости рта. Задняя спинка языка поднята к мягкому небу несколько выше, чем для /ɒ/. При ошибке типа русского /о/ следует добиваться более открытой артикуляции. По сравнению с /ɒ/ гласный звук /ɔː/ менее открытый и более лабиализованный.

Ex.6.22. Read the words.

/klɒk/ /pɒt/ /rɒk/ /lɒŋ/ /bɒks/
/kɒt/ /sɒk/ /wɒnt/ /ʃɒp/ /wɒtʃ/


Ex.6.23. Listen and read.

/ɒ/ bottle box chocolate clock coffee copy cost cross doctor
dog gone got holiday hospital hot job lock long
lost lot not off often possible shop song sorry
stop top wrong quality want wash wasn’t watch what

Ex.6.24. Listen and repeat.

1. Have you got a lot of shopping? 3. How much did your holiday cost?

2. John’s gone to the shops. 4. She said the coffee wasn’t very good, but I thought it was.

Ex.6.25. Listen and repeat.

/gɒd/ - /gɒt/ /ɒn/ /ǝˈdɒg/ - /dɒgz/ /ǝˈbɒks/ - /ˈbɒksɪz/

/nɒd/ - /nɒt/ /ɒd/ /ǝˈdɒl/ - /dɒlz/ /ǝˈfɒks/ - /ˈfɒksɪz/

/dɒg/ - /dɒk/ /ˈɒfǝ/ /ǝˈkɒk/ - /kɒks/ /ˈmɒd(ǝ)n ˈnɒv(ǝ)lz/

/lɒg/ - /lɒk/ /ˈɒksǝn/ /ǝˈlɒk/ - /lɒks/ /ˈgɪv ˈpɒli ˈkɒfi/

Ex.6.26. Write these words. Listen and check.

Example: /bɒks/ – box

/klɒk/   /wɒnt/   /ˈsɒri/  
/gɒn/   /ˈwɒntɪd/   /wɒt/  

Ex.6.27. Read the words.

/bɔːl/ /pɔːt/ /spɔːt/ /smɔːl/ /fɔː/
/dɔːn/ /fɔːks/ /ʃɔːt/ /tɔːl/ /ˈwɔːtǝ/

Ex.6.28. Listen and read.

/ɔː/ a all ball call fall ar quarter warm  
tall wall water   or born corner forty
al talk walk     horse short sort
au autumn       oor door floor  
aw saw       ore before more  
augh caught daughter taught   our four    
ough bought thought            

Ex.6.29. Listen and repeat.

1. quarter past four 4. walking on water

2. born in autumn 5. the fourth door on the fourth floor

3. have some more

Ex.6.30. Listen and read and mind the vowel duration.

/kɔː/ - /kɔːd/ - /kɔːt/ /ɔːl/ /kɑːd/ - /kɔːd/

/sɔː/ - /sɔːd/ - /sɔːt/ /ˈɔːgǝst/ /kɑːt/ - /kɔːt/

/fɔː/ - /fɔːm/ - /fɔːk/ /ɔːt/ /pɑːt/ - /pɔːt/

/tɔː/ - /tɔːl/ - /tɔːk/ /pɑːk/ - /pɔːk/

/ten/ - /tɜːn/ - /tɔːn/ /kɒk/ - /kɔːk/ - /ˈkǝʊkǝʊ/

/hed/ - /hɜːd/ - /hɔːd/ /hɒt/ - /hɔːl/ - /hǝʊp/

/ben/ - /bɜːn/ - /bɔːn/ /pɒt/ - /pɔːt/ - /pǝʊk/

/bed/ - /bɜːd/ - /bɔːd/ /spɒt/ - /spɔːt/ - /spǝʊk/

/⃗nɒt ǝt、ɔːl ∥↘ɪzðɪs ˈbɔːl ͵bɪg ∣ ɔˑ、smɔːl∥/


Ex. 6.31. Listen and circle the word you hear.

1. not / note 2. luck / lock 3. coat / caught 4. shot / short 5. walk / were

Ex. 6.32. Write the transcription of the past form.

catch / teach / buy / bring / seek /

Диграф (Digraph) –сочетание двух букв, произносимое как одна фонема. Чтение гласных диграфов в ударном слоге зависит от типа слога. Наличие у диграфов некоторых общих черт позволяет разделить их на следующие три группы:

Group 1 (The 1’st and the 2’nd letters of the digraph refers to the 1’st and the 2’nd elements of the diphthong) Group 2 (The letters of the digraph are not read. The digraph refers to a monophthong or a diphthong) Group 3
(The 1’st letter Is read) (The 2’nd letter Is read)
ei ey /eɪ/ vein1 oo at the end of the word /uː/ too ai /eɪ/ maid eu /juː/ neutral
ay day
ie /aɪ/ tie1
they ye rye
oo + consonant (not k) soon1 oa /ǝʊ/ coat
oi oy /ɔɪ/ oil oe toe
oo+k /ʊ/ cook ow low window2 ew few1
au /ɔː/ author ue /juː/ due
boy aw saw ui suit3
ou /aʊ/ out2 ee /iː/ meet
ow now ea tea4
1receive, ceiling – /iː/ 1good, wood, stood – /ʊ/ 2country, cousin, young – /ʌ/ youth, group, soup, rouble - /uː/ 1field, believe - /iː/ 2is not reduced at the end in unstressed syllable 3blue, fruit, juice - /uː/ (after r, l, dʒ) 4 bread, death - /e/ (before d, th) 1 blew, drew, Jew - /uː/ (after r, l, dʒ)

 

Ex. 6.33 Read the sentences. Underline the digraphs.

  1. Fay’s afraid she may fail. 11. Bye-bye! Mind your eye!
  2. The noise is annoying. 12. This road goes to Soho.
  3. The new moon is due. 13. I won’t crow over a foe.
  4. Lou grew too big for his shoes. 14. The new moon is due.
  5. Fuller took good aim. 15. Pleased to meet you.
  6. Cal me at a quarter to four. 16. Eating between meals.
  7. Paul’s eyes draw straws. 17. They say it takes eighty
  8. Out of doubt. eight days.
  9. Now, how would Brown work it out? 18. Try to be loyal and see the
  10. They are playing the waiting game. boy’s point.

 

Before reading the text practice the sounds in the following words and word combinations:

Ex. 6.34 (a).

/æ/ – companions, married, family, parrot, rabbit

/h/ – a house-wife, a hedgehog, in the house, to have a rabbit, his mother, we have no peace

/əv/ – a lot of friends, most of them, a member of her family, is fond of birds, because of all

Ex. 6.34 (b).

No glottal stop – is Elizabeth, my elder, have only, and animals, is eager, because of all

Linking r – my brother in law, a member of, my sister is, his mother is


Phonetic notes:

1) Приложение (Apposition)–приложениеобычно выделяется в отдельную смысловую группу, ударно и произносится с тем же тоном, что и определяемое слово, но на более низком уровне.

My brother-in-law, Henry Sandford, is married to my elder sister Helen.

2) Вводная смысловая группа (Parenthesis)в конце предложения безударна и продолжает мелодию предшествующей группы:

I’m a writer, just a beginner, you know.

3) Составные прилагательные (Compound Adjectives)обычно произносятся с ударением на каждом из составляющих слов элементов.

Например: ˈwell-ˈknown, ˈgood-ˈlooking, ˈkind-ˈhearted, ˈabsent-ˈminded

В связной речи под влиянием ритма одно из ударений может опускаться. Например, She is a ⃗good-looking 、girl.

– Конец работы –

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Практикум по фонетике английского языка

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ... ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГОРОДА МОСКВЫ... МОСКОВСКИЙ ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ...

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Для студентов, обучающихся по направлениям
050100.62 Педагогическое образование (Английский язык) 050300.62 Филологическое образование (Иностранный язык и русский язык как иностранный)

Introduction
· Фонема (phoneme) · Буквы и звуки английского языка (letters and sounds) · Транскрипция (transcription) ·

Органы речи и их работа
(Organs of speech) В верхней части дыхательного горла (гортани) расположены две мускульные эластичные подвижные складки – голосовые связки (Vocal Cords), пространство межд

Гласные и согласные
  Если выдыхаемая струя воздуха не встречает на своем пути шумообразующей преграды, произносятся звуки, называемые гласными (vowels). В отличие от гласных

Lesson One
· Consonants: /k/, /ɡ/ /t/, /d/ · Vowels: /ɪ/, /iː/ · Aspi

Lesson Two
· Consonants: /l/ · Vowels: /ǝ/ Pronunciation of articles · Dark/Cle

Условные обозначения
Текст Тонограмма Последний ударный (ядерный тон) 、(LF) Последний ударный (ядерный тон) ╮(LF)

Правила деления на ритмические группы (RHYTHM UNITS) при транскрибировании словосочетаний и предложений
  ü Количество ударных слогов соответствует количеству ритмических групп. ü Служебные слова являются безударными и примыкают к ударным знаменательным словам.

Lesson Three
· Consonants: /m/, /n/ /ŋ/, /ð/, /θ/ · Vowels: /e/, /æ/ · Pronunciation o

Lesson Four
· Consonants: /s/, /z/, /p/, /b/, · Vowels: /ǝʊ/, /aʊ/ · Nasal plosion

B) A letter
A letter came in the post from the coast - the one that I wanted the most. It said, “D

Lesson Five
· Consonants: /f/, /v/, /w/, /j/, · Vowels: /ʌ/, /ɑː/ · Loss of plosion

November the first The traveller
November the first “A visitor? Having fun? A fine day for travelling,” he said Five leaves left “A café? A phone? Here? I’m afraid not,” he laughed One leaf falls “You’ll f

FOUR TYPES OF SYLLABLES
I – open syllable II – closed syllable III – before “r” IV – before “re”   a o u e i/y

Lesson Seven
· Consonants: /r/ · Vowels: /eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /ʊə/ ·

Lesson Eight
· Consonants: /tʃ/, /dʒ/ · Vowels: /ɪə/, /eə/, /ʊ/, /uː/

A turn re long ing er sleep
first syllable is stressed second syllable is stressed ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ __________

Ooo oOo
adjective_________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

Lesson Nine
· Vowels: /aɪə/, /aʊə/ · Sounds combination: /wɜː/ ·

Geographical names
(Adjectives are often pronounced in a very similar way to the noun; they are not shown separately in the list. For example: Austria-Austrian. Some adjectives are pronounced differently; these

Lesson Ten
· Linking /w/, Linking /j/ · Intonation: Well, Exclamations, Preposition after the nucleus

Asking the way Hats
Yes. I’ll do one for you. Go outside of the building. I’ll give you one too Go along the street. a nice one Go over the bridge. a new one Go across the street. a

Solomon Grundy Thirty days
Solomon Grundy, Thirty days have September, Born on Monday, April, June and November, C

Lesson Eleven
· Strong and weak forms · Intonation: Complex sentences · Text: Dialogue · Poem: Roadways

Pronouns, possessives, conjunctions, prepositions, articles.
  weak strong   weak strong you /jǝ/ /juː/

Please don’t delay.
Tell me, what do you say?    

Appendix 2
TONGUE TWISTERS for each sound

Appendix 2A more tongue twisters
/æ/ 1. That’s the man who sat on my hat in the tram. 2. Once there lived a lad who was always very sad. For he hadn’t any mother and he hadn’t any

DAYS AND MONTHS. ASKING THE TIME.
“Do you know the days of the week?” “Yes, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday.” “Now, let’s assume that today is Wednesday. What day will tomorrow be?”

OUR SITTING ROOM
Let’s have a look at this picture of our sitting room. As you come into the room you notice a piano with a low music-stool in front of it. Next to the piano is a tall bookcase standing against the

BALZAC AS A HANDWRITING EXPERT
Balzac, the famous French writer was a man of great talent. But he himself was proud of his ability to tell a person’s character by his or her handwriting. He often told his friends that he could t

THE SMOKING CHIMNEY
One afternoon Professor N. was walking along a country road when he saw a farmer eating his supper alone in the road before his house. The professor approached the farmer and asked him: “W

MARK TWAIN IN FRANCE
Mark Twain, the famous American writer, was travelling in France. Once he was going by train to Dijon. That afternoon he was very tired and wanted to sleep. He therefore asked the conductor to wake

PLANNING A HOLIDAY
“I say, what are you and your sister going to do for your holiday this year?” “Well, I don’t know. I should like to take my sister for a tour to the Baltic Sea, but then she can’t very wel

THE BELL-BOY
A traveller was standing at the desk in the lobby of a Washington hotel. He was in a hurry. He had only 10 minutes to pay his bill and reach the station. Suddenly he remembered that he had forgotte

Text 23
An English tourist found himself in Norway with only enough money in his pocket to pay his passage back. As he knew that it would take him only two days to get to England, he decided that he could

Dialogues
(Listen, complete, indicate the intonation patterns, mark and transcribe all the words with the target sound, learn the dialogue by heart, recite) /i

An interesting film
Bill: ________________________________? Lyn: _______________________________? Mrs. Smith: __________________________. Bill: ________________________________ Tim:

Shopping
A: _________________________________. B: _________________________________ ___________________________________? A: _________________________________ ______________________________

Eɪ/ At the railway station
Mr. Grey: ____________________________ ___________________________________. Porter: _____________________________? Mr. Grey: ___________________________. Porter: ________

Eɪ/ At the railway station
Mr. Grey: ____________________________ ___________________________________. Porter: _____________________________? Mr. Grey: ___________________________. Porter: ________

L/ A spoilt little boy in a bicycle shop
Paul: _______________________________! Uncle Bill: ___________________________! Salesman: __________________________ ______________________________________________________________

R/ A proud parent
Mrs. Randal: ________________________ ___________________________________? Mrs. Reed: __________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________.

IPA index
/b/ /v/ /ð/ /n/ /ʌ/ /ǝ/

Useful links
1) http://www.pearsonlongman.com/phonetic-chart.html 2) http://www.macmillanenglish.com/phonemic-chart/ 3) http://www.stuff.co.uk/calcul_nd.htm 4) http://www.antimoon.com

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