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Ways of conveying the lexical meaning of genuine internationalisms.

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Ways of conveying the lexical meaning of genuine internationalisms.

Ways of conveying the lexical meaning of genuine internationalisms. - раздел Философия, The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation 2.1. Literal Translating Of Genuine Internat...

2.1. Literal translating of genuine internationalisms. - letter-to-letter translation, but a letter may be dropped or added іn the TL (dentist, rector, stadium, macaroni, pizza, tango, embargo, kimono, tsunami, baobab, zebra.)

2.2. Translating via transcribing (conveying the sounding structure).

This kind of translating provides the rendition of the lexical meaning of a lot of internationalisms originating from English, French and some other 1anguages, which have their orthographic systems based on other than phonetical principles: boom, jeans, knock-out, bureau, prize, bouquet-бум, джинси, нокаут, бюро, приз, букет.

2.3. Translating by practical transcribing.

If internationalism has obtained in the TL an orthographic sounding and morphological form, which is similar to that of English, French, German, Italian, it is traditionally called " practical transcribing " or 'translator's transcription": bachelor - бакалавр, cocoa -какао, giant - гігант, hocus-pocus - фокус, mother-of-pearl -перламутр.

English international compounds can be rendered in the following ways:

with the help of corresponding compounds having the same international root morphemes as in the SL; electro biology, film-actor.

by word-combinations consisting of the same componential parts as in the internationalism English compound word: dance music - танцювальна музика, radio-active element - радіоактивний елемент.

2.4. Descriptive translating of international lexemes. Depending on the nature of the lexemes, their translation may have 2 somewhat different realizations:

the lingual form of the SL lexeme can be retained as the main lexeme of the TL word-combination: cіvilizable - те, що піддається цивілізуванню, barony - володіння барона, титул барона.

the lingual form of the internationalism is not or cannot be retained in the TL: deputize - виступати від когось, park(ing) – ставити машину на стоянку.

For the last half of the 20-th century there have appeared few stable expressions, e. g.: " Iron Curtain " (1947)," peaceful coexistence " (1950's)," Cold war " (1946, USA).

The units of genuine international lexicon are identified on the basis of their common in different 1anguages lexical meaning and identical or only similar form. Loan internationalisms - of their common sphere of use, their meaning, functional significance and partly - structural form.

The identification of monosemantic international 1anguage units is easy, but of polysemantic 1anguage signs becomes much more difficult:

Conductor

- кондуктор (gen. int )

- провідник (int. loan word)

- провід (int. loan)

- громовідвід (int. loan )

- диригент (pseudo - int )

- керівник. (pseudo- int)

Only one out of six lexemes above has a common lingual form and meaning in English and Ukrainian. Hence, one must carefully study the contextual environment of such 1anguagege signs.

	- громадський		- індустрія		- непередбачений
	- цивільний		- промисловість		- яскравий
Civil	- ввічливий	Industry	- галузь промисловості	Dramatic	- раптовий
	- чемний		- старанність		- театральний
			- працьовитість		- драматичний
					- хвилюючий

One of the meanings is genuine internationalism and the rest are pseudo-international (non - international). There are few words, which have identical form but different meaning: accurate - точний, правильний (but not акуратний), data - дані, decade -десятиріччя, decoration - нагорода, прикраса, prospect -перспектива. These words are referred as "false friends of the translator" (удавані друзі).

The lingual form of genuine international lexemes in all 1anguages is always either identical or similar. Very often they take affixes in Ukrainian: dietic- дієтичний, form - форма; some of Greek origin: analysis - аналіз, academician - академік, appendicitis -апендицит (lat).

Hence, relevant for the identification remains root morpheme. So anti-trade, arch-enemy, inventor are to be tread as non-internationalisms, pseudo- internationalisms. But, school-mate, coal-gas, washing-machine are to be defined as partly international, або газосховище, радіохвилі.

2.5. Translating by practical way of synonymous substitution.

This kind of substitution becomes possible due to the existence in the TL of internationalisms borrowed by it at different previous historical periods: athletics - гімнастика (не атлетика), diagram - схема (не діаграма), phase - період, base - фундамент (не база), committee - комісія (не комітет), national economy - народне господарство (не національна економія).

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The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation

Interrelation with other disciplines... Many aspects of translation have been covered by other disciplines such as... Stages of translation process understanding...

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Все темы данного раздела:

The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation
1. Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation. 2. The object of translation theory, the problems which the translation studies. 3. Interrelation with othe

Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
Translation as a term and notion is of polysemantic nature. The first common and most general meaning is associated with the action or process of rendering the cont

The object of translation theory, the problems which the translatology studies.
Translation is a mean of interlingual communication. The translator makes possible an exchange of information between the users of different languages by producing in the TL a text, which has an id

Stages of translation process.
Psychologically viewed translation process includes two mental processes: -understanding (1); -verbalization (2). 4.1. The translator understands the content of ST, first

Types of translation.
The types of translation can be singled out depending on the predominate communicative function, the form of speech involved in translation process. So we can distinguish between literary a

Pragmatic adaptation.
The communicants involved in interlingual communication not only speak different languages but also have different general knowledge, social and historical background and belong to different cultur

Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary and other factors. The most of the research of up-to-date translation has been made within linguistic

Context.
When confronted with the text to be translated, the translator’s first concern is to understand it by assessing the meaning of language units in the text against the contextual situation and the ex

The earliest mentions of translation, the translation development during ancient times until 500AD.
World translation in general and European translation in particular has a long tradition. The earliest mention of translation used in viva voce goes back to approximately the year 3000 BC in ancien

Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
The MiddleAges(500 AD – 1450 AD)are characterized by a general lack of progress. Translations and interpretations are known to have been performed in the domains o

Translation during the Renaissance period.
The Renaissance period which began in the 14th century in Italy was marked by great discoveries and inventions, the most significant of which was the invention of the moving printing pre

Translation during the period of classicism and Enlightenment.
The controversy between the supporters of three different approaches to translating continued unabated all through the periods of Classicism (17th – 18th centuries) and Enligh

The Kyiv Mohyla Academy and revival of translation activities in Ukraine.
A considerable intensification witnessed in Ukrainian translation during the 17th century, which could have been influenced by the initial activities in the Kyiv Mohyla Academy (founded

Rules and methods of Romanization of different Ukrainian proper nouns.
Ukrainian proper names are mostly conveyed on the basis of their phonemic / orthographic structure, i. e. aretransliterated in English. One of the efforts to get rid of our former

The main rules of conveying English sounds in Ukrainian translation of proper names.
[æ] - a, e. Angela-Анджела, Енджела, Andy- Енді, Анді. [٨] - a, y, o. Ulrica- Алріка, Улріка; Ulster- Ольстер, Doug- Даг. [u:] [ju]-. у,ю. Cooper- Купер, Judy-Джуді, M

Identification of international lexicon units.
Internationalisms are such language units which are borrowed from one and the same source language (SL) by at least three genealogically different 1anguges in the same or similar l

Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо-український фразеологічний словник. - К. Радянська школа, 1996. - 1052 с. 2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фразеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча

Units of nationally biased lexicon and ways of their translation
Each nation in the course of its historical development acquires a great number of features characteristic of the nation only and not pertained to any other, even to genealogically

Ways of rendering the meaning of nationally biased units of lexicon.
2.1. By transcription or transliteration exclusively. The units, whose meanings are rendered at the phonological level, usually belong to genuine internationalisms.

Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо – український фразеологічний словник. – К.: Радянська школа, 1996. – 1052 с. 2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фоазеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча категорія. – Львів: Вища школа

Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
Many phraseological expressions singled out by V. Vinogradov as unities may reflect national features of the SL (reference to traditions, customs, events, geographical position). Being nationally d

The lexico-grammatical expression of modality through modal verbs.
This kind of modality is realized in both 1anguages via modal verbs plus the infinitive of the notional verb, performing the function of compound modal verbal predicate. 1.1. Can /

То be (to)
to be to is the synonymous to have to and is realized depending on the form and lexical meaning of the infinitive following it. Mostly -мати, even повинен, мусити. According to the agreement rent w

Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
Grammatical (syntactic) modality is of common nature in English and Ukrainian as well. It expresses actions viewed upon as real, unreal, optative, hypothetic, conditional, interrogative, incentive.

Transformations in the process of translation.
1. The kind of major and minor alteration in the structural form of language units performed with the aim of achieving faithfulness in translation are referred to as transl

Grammatical transformation.
Faithfulness of transformation depends on the functional and never on the formal approach to the choice of corresponding linguistic means. E.g. I wanted to have done it myself. -Я хотів це

Lexical transformations.
The term was used by Retsker. Sometimes to achieve adequacy the translator must considerably change words and phrases of the original and instead of formal correspondences use functional correspond

Lexico-grammatical transformations.
Antonymic transformation is defined as rendering SL unit with the help of opposite words and constructions. It is employed for achieving faithfulness in conveying the content or ex

Objectively and subjectively conditioned transformations of lexical units in the process of translation.
Transformations of nationally peculiar lexical units become inevitable as a result of differences existing between the ways and means of expression of the same meanings in the SL in the TL . There