Context. - раздел Философия, The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation When Confronted With The Text To Be Translated, The Translator’S First Concer...
When confronted with the text to be translated, the translator’s first concern is to understand it by assessing the meaning of language units in the text against the contextual situation and the extralinguistic facts. There are two types of context: linguistic and situational.
The linguistic context is made up by the other SL units. It can be microcontext – involving a phrase, macrocontext - sentence or passage, megacontext – a chapter or the whole text.
The situational context includes the temporal, special and other circumstance under which ST was produced as well as all facts which the receptor is expected to know so that he could adequately interpret the message.
It is, only by assessing the meaning of SL units in ST against the linguistic and situational context that the translator can discover what they mean in the particular case and what equivalents should be chosen as their substitutes. Thus, in the following sentences the linguistic context will enable the translator to make a correct choice among the equivalents to the noun “attitude”:
I don’t like your attitude to work.
The photographer caught him in the attitude of prayer.
As often as not the correct substitute cannot be chosen unless the situational context is brought into play. If somebody is referred to in ST as “an abolitionist” the choice of the substitute will depend on the period described. In different historical periods abolitionists were people who sought the abolition of slavery, prohibition laws or death penalty. Accordingly, in the translation the person will be described as “аболіціоніст”, “прибічник відміни “сухого закону”, “прибічник відміни смертної кари”.
Lecture 2
A short historical outline of European and Ukrainian translation.
1. The earliest mentions of translation, the translation development during ancient times until 500 AD.
2. Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
3. Translation during the Renaissance period
4. Translation during the period of classicism and Enlightenment.
5. The epoch of Romanticism and establishment of the principles of faithful translation in Europe.
6. Translation in Kyivan Rus’ during the 10th-13th centuries and in Ukraine during the 14th-16th centuries.
7. The Kyiv Mohyla Academy and revival of translation activities in Ukraine.
8. Translation during the years of Ukrainian independence and early Soviet rule, post-war period, during the last decade of the 20-th century.
9. Translation at the beginning of the 21-st century, the role of the Vsesvit Journal.
List of literature used and recommended.
1. Корунець І.В. Теорія і практика перекладу перекладу. – К.: Нова книга, 2001.- 446 с.
2. Новий завіт (Проект). – К.: Біблійні товариства, 1997.
Interrelation with other disciplines... Many aspects of translation have been covered by other disciplines such as... Stages of translation process understanding...
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Context.
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Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
Translation as a term and notion is of polysemantic nature. The first common and most general meaning is associated with the action or process of rendering the cont
Stages of translation process.
Psychologically viewed translation process includes two mental processes:
-understanding (1);
-verbalization (2).
4.1. The translator understands the content of ST, first
Types of translation.
The types of translation can be singled out depending on the predominate communicative function, the form of speech involved in translation process. So we can distinguish between literary a
Pragmatic adaptation.
The communicants involved in interlingual communication not only speak different languages but also have different general knowledge, social and historical background and belong to different cultur
Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary and other factors. The most of the research of up-to-date translation has been made within linguistic
Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
The MiddleAges(500 AD – 1450 AD)are characterized by a general lack of progress. Translations and interpretations are known to have been performed in the domains o
Translation during the Renaissance period.
The Renaissance period which began in the 14th century in Italy was marked by great discoveries and inventions, the most significant of which was the invention of the moving printing pre
Identification of international lexicon units.
Internationalisms are such language units which are borrowed from one and the same source language (SL) by at least three genealogically different 1anguges in the same or similar l
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо-український фразеологічний словник. - К. Радянська школа, 1996. - 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фразеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо – український фразеологічний словник. – К.: Радянська школа, 1996. – 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фоазеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча категорія. – Львів: Вища школа
Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
Many phraseological expressions singled out by V. Vinogradov as unities may reflect national features of the SL (reference to traditions, customs, events, geographical position). Being nationally d
То be (to)
to be to is the synonymous to have to and is realized depending on the form and lexical meaning of the infinitive following it. Mostly -мати, even повинен, мусити. According to the agreement rent w
Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
Grammatical (syntactic) modality is of common nature in English and Ukrainian as well. It expresses actions viewed upon as real, unreal, optative, hypothetic, conditional, interrogative, incentive.
Transformations in the process of translation.
1. The kind of major and minor alteration in the structural form of language units performed with the aim of achieving faithfulness in translation are referred to as transl
Grammatical transformation.
Faithfulness of transformation depends on the functional and never on the formal approach to the choice of corresponding linguistic means. E.g.
I wanted to have done it myself. -Я хотів це
Lexical transformations.
The term was used by Retsker. Sometimes to achieve adequacy the translator must considerably change words and phrases of the original and instead of formal correspondences use functional correspond
Lexico-grammatical transformations.
Antonymic transformation is defined as rendering SL unit with the help of opposite words and constructions. It is employed for achieving faithfulness in conveying the content or ex
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