Objectively and subjectively conditioned transformations of lexical units in the process of translation.
Objectively and subjectively conditioned transformations of lexical units in the process of translation. - раздел Философия, The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation Transformations Of Nationally Peculiar Lexical Units Become Inevitable As A R...
Transformations of nationally peculiar lexical units become inevitable as a result of differences existing between the ways and means of expression of the same meanings in the SL in the TL . There are three main stylistically distinguished classes of units:
a)stylistically neutral lexis;
b)stylistically evaluative lexis;
c)culturally biased national specific units of lexicon.
a) Among the numerous stylistically neutral simple and compound words are different parts of speech in Eng and in Ukrainian which may be in translation in the TL single words, word-groups and even sentences: answerable -той, / е, а / на що можна відповісти; пополудні -in the afternoon, p.m. They are given in dictionaries and never present any difficulty for the t-r.
b) Diminutives. They have a very poor representation in English but they is a very large quantity of them in Ukrainian. It is difficult to say whether booklet, manikin or hillocks are diminutives or diminutive - evaluatives. They may be diminutive -карлик, горбок, or diminutive evaluative книжечка, брошурка, горбочок)
We have gradation of a diminutive quality in a noun in Ukrainian: ручка, ручечка, рученя, рученяточко, руця. In English with the help of additional adjectives: small head -голівка, голівочка - small/little head.
Only some isolated nouns have corresponding suffixes as daddy -татко, sissy - сестричка , granny.
The pejorative (mostly contemptuous) meanings of a number of Ukrainian augmentative nouns will have the following English outer form expression: вовчице -a big formidable wolf ( a monster of a wolf); дубище -a very thick and tall oak-tree; здоровило -a healthy fellow.
c) When inthe form of words not belonging to regular internationalisms like lord, mister they are mostly transcribed or transliterated and shortly explicated in the TL muffin - маффин, солодка здоба, випечена в чашкоподібній формі з прісного чи сходячого тіста веснянка –vesnyanka (Ukrainian song hailing the coming spring).
The all above-given transformations of lexical units are predetermined not so much by the objective, i.e., national factors, than by the stylistic aims realized by the translator.
Interrelation with other disciplines... Many aspects of translation have been covered by other disciplines such as... Stages of translation process understanding...
Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
Translation as a term and notion is of polysemantic nature. The first common and most general meaning is associated with the action or process of rendering the cont
Stages of translation process.
Psychologically viewed translation process includes two mental processes:
-understanding (1);
-verbalization (2).
4.1. The translator understands the content of ST, first
Types of translation.
The types of translation can be singled out depending on the predominate communicative function, the form of speech involved in translation process. So we can distinguish between literary a
Pragmatic adaptation.
The communicants involved in interlingual communication not only speak different languages but also have different general knowledge, social and historical background and belong to different cultur
Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary and other factors. The most of the research of up-to-date translation has been made within linguistic
Context.
When confronted with the text to be translated, the translator’s first concern is to understand it by assessing the meaning of language units in the text against the contextual situation and the ex
Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
The MiddleAges(500 AD – 1450 AD)are characterized by a general lack of progress. Translations and interpretations are known to have been performed in the domains o
Translation during the Renaissance period.
The Renaissance period which began in the 14th century in Italy was marked by great discoveries and inventions, the most significant of which was the invention of the moving printing pre
Identification of international lexicon units.
Internationalisms are such language units which are borrowed from one and the same source language (SL) by at least three genealogically different 1anguges in the same or similar l
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо-український фразеологічний словник. - К. Радянська школа, 1996. - 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фразеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо – український фразеологічний словник. – К.: Радянська школа, 1996. – 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фоазеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча категорія. – Львів: Вища школа
Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
Many phraseological expressions singled out by V. Vinogradov as unities may reflect national features of the SL (reference to traditions, customs, events, geographical position). Being nationally d
То be (to)
to be to is the synonymous to have to and is realized depending on the form and lexical meaning of the infinitive following it. Mostly -мати, even повинен, мусити. According to the agreement rent w
Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
Grammatical (syntactic) modality is of common nature in English and Ukrainian as well. It expresses actions viewed upon as real, unreal, optative, hypothetic, conditional, interrogative, incentive.
Transformations in the process of translation.
1. The kind of major and minor alteration in the structural form of language units performed with the aim of achieving faithfulness in translation are referred to as transl
Grammatical transformation.
Faithfulness of transformation depends on the functional and never on the formal approach to the choice of corresponding linguistic means. E.g.
I wanted to have done it myself. -Я хотів це
Lexical transformations.
The term was used by Retsker. Sometimes to achieve adequacy the translator must considerably change words and phrases of the original and instead of formal correspondences use functional correspond
Lexico-grammatical transformations.
Antonymic transformation is defined as rendering SL unit with the help of opposite words and constructions. It is employed for achieving faithfulness in conveying the content or ex
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