Сочетание гласных букв

PRACTICAL PHONETICS

Remember the following terms:

an alphabet ['ælfəbət] / ABC - алфавит

a sound [ saʊnd ] - звук

a letter [ ‘letə ] – буква

a silent [ ‘saIlənt] letter – непроизносимая буква

a letter combination [,kɒmbɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] - буквосочетание

a vowel ['vaʊəl] – гласный звук, гласная буква

a long vowel – долгий гласный звук

a short vowel – краткий гласный звук

a diphthong ['dɪfθɒŋ] - дифтонг

a consonant ['kɒn(t)s(ə)nənt] – согласный звук, согласная буква

a vowel combination – сочетание гласных букв

a consonant combination – сочетание согласных букв

voiced [ vɔIst ] - звонкий

voiceless [ ‘vɔIsləs] – глухой

interdental [ ,ɪntə'dent(ə)l] – межзубный

alveolar [,ælvɪ'əulə] sound – альвеолярный звук, т.е. при произношении звука кончик языка находится на альвеолах

a syllable [ ‘sɪləbl ] – слог

an open syllable – открытый слог

a closed syllable – закрытый слог

to pronounce [prə'naʊns] – произносить

pronunciation [prə ,nʌnsɪ'eɪʃ(ə)n] – призношение

aspiration [,æsp(ə)'reɪʃ(ə)n] - придыхание

to transcribe [træn'skraɪb] – транскибировать

transcription [træn'skrɪpʃ(ə)n] – транскрипция, транскрибирование

a type of reading – тип чтения

a phonetic symbol [fə'netɪk 'sɪmb(ə)l] – фонетический знак, знак фонетической транскрипции

stress [ stres ] - ударение

stressed [ strest ] - ударный

unstressed [ ʌn’strest ] - безударный

intonation [ ,ɪntəu'neɪʃ(ə)n] – интонация

 

 

The English Alphabet (26 letters)

A a [ eI ] J j [ dʒeI ] S s [ es ]

B b [ bi: ] K k [ keI ] T t [ ti: ]

C c [ si: ] L l [ el ] U u [ ju: ]

D d [ di: ] M m [ em ] V v [ vi: ]

E e [ i: ] N n [ en ] W w [ ‘dʌblju: ]

F f [ ef ] O o [ əu ] X x [ eks ]

G g [ dʒi: ] P p [ pi: ] Y y [ waI ]

H h [ eItʃ ] Q q [ kju: ] Z z [ zed ]

I i [ aI ] R r [ a: ]

Phonetic symbols (45 sounds)

I. Vowels

[i], short unstressed vowel, ex. happy [ ‘hæpi ] [i:], long vowel, ex. see [ si: ] [ e ], short stressed vowel, ex. ten [ ten ]

III. Consonants

[ b ] voiced consonant sound, ex. bad [ bæd ] [ t ] alveolar voiceless consonant sound, ex. tea [ ti: ] [ d ] alveolar voiced consonant sound, ex. did [ dId ]

Type I – a vowel in an open syllable

  a [ eI ]lake o [ əʊ ]hope itime [ aI ]

Tongue-twisters

  Exercise 5.Practice reading the following tongue-twister quickly and… My dame has a lame tame crane,

Type 2 – a vowel in a closed syllable

  a [ æ ]flag o [ ɒ ]doll ihip [ ɪ ]

Exercise 16.Read the text. Explain the reading of the words in bold.

George Washington

He was Commander-in-Chief of the army and fought the British in the War of Independence. When the war ended in 1781 he was happy to go back to the… Exercise 17.Read the sentences properly and quickly. Underline the words… 1. Burt is the last person to want to hurt her. 2. Is Earny going to learn thirty-three new words? 3. Which urgent…

REVIEW EXERCISES

Exercise 23. Review 4 types of reading of English vowels and complete the table below.

Review table of 4 types of reading

Exercise 24.Read the words and write down the phonetic symbol for underlined letters. Define the type of reading of each column. Van [ ] hare [ ] blade [ ] car [ ] Ebb [ ] here [ ] bee [ ] perfume [ ]

II. READING OF CONSONANTS

[ ] city, ice, pencil, peace, piece, scene, certainly, century, celebrate, circle, cycle; c [ ] cup, code, cool, crack, cute, concert, complete, carrot, copy, case, Coca-Cola;

Why do women live longer than men ?

Historically, women died in childbirth and men in wars. Hence nuns and philosophers often lived to great ages. Now, childbearing is less risky and…   Exercise 31.Read the words and transcribe them. Do not forget to put the stress mark if a word has two or more…

The man who fell to Earth

He was born in New Jersey in 1930, and he graduated from West Point Military Academy. He served as a pilot in Korea and West Germany, and in 1966… Apollo 11 was launched to the moon on July 16. Four days later they landed… On coming back to Earth, he became very depressed, and suffered from alcoholism. He had married for the first time…

Revise reading of vowels and vowel combinations

Breed, bread, broke, autumn, adore, understood, paint, Fred, blood, dude, easy, low, airport, boil, short, straw, European, bloom, deeds, rainy,…   Exercise 41.Find and copy out the words with 1) [ ei ]; 2 ) [ ɔ: ]; 3 ) [ i: ].

Weather wisdom

Some people watch ants for weather clues. Anytime you see ants building huge mounds aroundtheir holes, they prepare for rain. About two hours before… Plants are also handy humidity indicators. They are affected in different… Normally, spiders know that insects will be easier to catch when the humidity is high. The moisture in the air soaks…

Ch

[ ] Christmas, cholera, Christ, chord, chorus;

tch[ ] catch, matcher, fetch, watch, stretch;

ck[ ] kick, luck, sick, sock, lock, pick, picky, stick, clock, crack;

[ ] song, sing – sang – sung, long, bang, fang, young, morning, evening, spring,

ng living;

[ ] finger, language, English, younger, longer, cringle;

nk [ ] think, drink, bank, rank, sunk, uncle, ankle, thanks, sink – sank - sunk;

ph[ ] telephone, phase, phrase, physics, pharmacy, photo, photograph, nymph, typhoon;

kn [ ] know, knew, known, knee, kneel, knife, knives, knock;

mb [ ] bomb, bomber, tomb, comb, thumb, limb, lamb, climb, climber;

bt [ ] doubt, undoubtedly, debt;

Exercise 41.Read and transcribe the words. Do not forget to put the stress mark if a word has two or more syllables.

Match, climb, reach, pick, sting, sheep, much, debt, photo, English, uncle, tomb, shine, phase, mingle, known, climber, Dutch, lock, charge, physiology, photo, comb, single, undoubtedly, sink, knelt, stink, phone, lamb.

 

Exercise 42.Practice reading the following tongue-twisters quickly and distinctly. Explain the reading of the letters in bold.

She sells sea shells on the sea shore;

The shells that she sells are sea shells I’m sure.

So if she sells sea shells on the sea shore,

I’m sure that the shells are sea shore shells.

***

If a dog chews shoes

Whose shoes would he choose to chew?

Too few for sure.

You’re a choosy shoe-chewer.

***

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck
If a woodchuck could chuck wood?
He would chuck, he would, as much as he could,
And chuck as much as a woodchuck would
If a woodchuck could chuck wood.

 

VI. READING OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS (part 2)

Letter combination	Position	Pronunciation	Examples
th	At the beginning of notional words and at the end of words	[ θ ]	Thick, myth
At the beginning of pronouns, functional words and between vowels	[ ð ]	This, the, bathe
wr	At the beginning of a word	[ r ]	Write, wrong
wh	At the beginning of a word before vowels (except o)	[ w ]	What, why
Before o	[ h ]	Who, whose
wa	Before final consonant (except r)	[ wɒ ]	Want, wash
Before r	[ wɔ: ]	Warm, warn
wor	Before consonants in stressed syllables	[ w3: ]	Work, world
rh	At the beginning of a word	[ r ]	Rhyme, rhythm
ps	At the beginning of a word	[ s ]	Psalm, psychology

 

Exercise 43.Write down the phonetic symbol and practice reading the words.

[ ] thick, thought, throat, thing, thorn, theme, both, birth;

Th

[ ] these, those, rather, other, weather, brother, either;

wr [ ] write, wrote, wrist, wry, wrong;

[ ] why, where, when, wheat, wheel, while;

Wh

[ ] who, whose, whole, wholly, whom;

[ ] water, was, want, wand, watch, wander, warrior;

Wa

[ ] war, warm, ward, toward, warn, warning;

wor[ ] word, world, work, worse, worst, worm, worth.

rh [ ] rhapsody, rhetoric, rhythm, rhyme, rhombus;

ps [ ] psalm, pseudonym, psychology, psychologist, psychic, psychiatrist;

 

Exercise 44.Read and transcribe the words. Do not forget to put the stress mark if a word has two or more syllables.

Neither, rhyme, whose, psychic, thank, wry, feather, waft, theory, worship, psychology, these, wrongly, waddle, where, worker, psychiatrist, why, another, that, warning, worse, rhythm.

 

Exercise 45.Read the following sentences paying attention to [ θ ], [ ð ] sounds.

1. There is the eight thirty train on Thursday. – Oh, that’s fine!

2. I asked Smith to throw everything away.

3. His wise thought is very important for my curious theme.

4. This is a strange thing to think about that theory.

5. Don’t give it another thought.

6. Who gave him these clothes? – I think Thomas did.

7. Whose are these things? – These are their things.

8. Take them out and clean them.

9. Does the noise bother them?

10. A thousand of thanks to you for that wise thought.

11. The seventh guest was late and the third one was very thirsty.

12. This was a stupid thing to meet them there and to tell them the truth.

 

Exercise 46.Practice reading the following tongue-twisters quickly and distinctly. Explain the reading of the letters in bold.

If a three-month truce is a truce in truth,

Is the truth of a truce in truth a three-month truce?

A truce – договор о перемирии

***

Swan, swam over the sea,

Swim, swan, swim!

Swan swam back again.

Well swum, swan!

Exercise 47.Read the following sentences. Underline the words with consonant combinations, explain their reading and transcribe them.

1. Did the children have lunch? 2. Which watch do you think I should buy? 3. Why do you eat so much cholesterol? 4. What channels does your teacher watch? 5. Philippe knows the truth. - You must be joking! 6. Be careful! Wasps and bees have stings. 7. She didn’t like the theme. The work would be very hard to do. Besides, it is worthless. 8. Do you grow wheat here? 9. The hotel was horrible! There was no hot water, and they didn’t have warm clothes. 10. Don’t even think about it! I won’t leave money at that bank. 11. Whose brother is this strong man? 12. Living in a small town is boring, isn’t it?

 

 

VII. READING OF CONSONANT COMBINATIONS (part 3)

Letter combination	Position	Pronunciation	Examples	Exceptions
qu	At the beginning of a word before a vowel	[ kw ]	queen, quick	Queue [ kju: ] - очередь
qua	At the beginning of a word	[ kwɔ: / kwɒ]	quarter, quality
que	At the end of a word	[ k ]	technique, unique
gh	At the end of words	[ f ]	rough
Usually before letter t	[ - ]	Light, flight
gn	At the end of words	[ n ]	Sign
gu	At the beginning of a word	[ g ]	Guess
gue	At the end of words	[ g ]	Dialogue
tion / sion	At the end of a word	[ ʃ(ə)n ] / [ ʒ(ə)n ]	Translation, invasion	Question [ ‘kwestʃən ]
sure	At the end of a word in unstressed syllables	[ ʒə ]	Pleasure, measure	Pressure [ ‘preʃə ]
ture	At the end of a word in unstressed syllables	[ tʃə ]	Lecture, culture

Exercise 48. Write down the phonetic symbol and read the words.

qu[ ] quickly, question, queen, quite, quiet, quote, quotation, quit, quiz;

qua[ ] quarter, quarrel, quality, quarts, quantity, squash;

que[ ] technique, unique, antique, picturesque, cheque;

[ ] rough, tough, cough, laugh;

Gh

[ ] high, higher, right, night, fight, light, eight, weight, daughter, thought;

gn [ ] sign, design, designer, foreign, deign, feign, campaign;

gu [ ] guess, guest, guide, guilt, guilty, guise, guy, guarantee;

gue [ ] dialogue, colleague, tongue;

tion/sion [ ] institution, evolution, promotion, devotion, caution, precaution, motion, occupation, celebration, preparation, question, explosion, vision, division, invasion, mission;

sure[ ] treasure, pleasure, measure, leisure;

ture[ ] picture, mixture, fracture, future, nature, departure.

Exercise 49.Read and transcribe the words. Do not forget to put the stress mark if a word has two or more syllables.

Intention, quarrel, decision, guinea, departure, measure, antique, quit, division, feature, enough, qualification, rapture, technique, pollution, guard, question, nature, unique, invasion, equal, ambition, treasure, bright.

 

Exercise 50.Read the following sentences. Underline the words with consonant combinations, explain their reading and transcribe them.

1. The rhythm of this song is unique. 2. What’s your favourite leisure activity? – I prefer going for walks. - But why are you asking? 3. What kind of mixture is there in your glass? 4. My granny collects antique furniture. 5. The last night was calm and quiet. 6. Be careful! You are passing an ancient tomb. 7. The picture on that wall is something extraordinary. 8. The decision is made and we all know it’s right. 9. Our lecture is over. Does anybody have any questions? 10. I’ve always been interested in psychology. 11. How much does the cargo weigh? – The quantity of kilos doesn’t matter, the contents are important. 12. It’s a rhetoric question, isn’t it?

 

Exercise 51.Read the text. Explain the reading of the letters and letter combinations in bold.

Henry’s 4.5 million secret

However, his brother, Mr Sam Wardle said that this was all nonsense. Henry had never been a window cleaner but had started work at the age of… Henry left all his money to Tiddles and a local cat charity. His friend and…  

Intonation on questions

To pronounce a general question your voice should go up at the end (rising intonation). 1. Is your sister a student? 2. Was he at the club last night?

Limericks

There was an old woman from Kent, Whose nose was remarkably bent. One day, they suppose,

Names of countries and cities. Nationality words