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ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ INDEFINITE ACTIVE
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ INDEFINITE ACTIVE - раздел Образование, Lesson 1 В...
Lesson 1
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ INDEFINITE ACTIVE
Глаголы в формах Indefinite относят действие к настоящему, прошедшему или будущему времени, не уточняя, как оно протекает по времени. Времена Indefinite Active образуются от инфинитива.
Present Indefinite
Формы глагола в Present Indefinite совпадают с инфинитивом без частицы to Лишь в 3-м лице единственного числа добавляется суффикс –s.
Это время употребляется для выражения действия, происходящего обычно, регулярно, или для обозначения вневременных фактов и явлений:
I get up at seven every day except Sunday.
Я встаю в семь утра каждый день, кроме воскресенья.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
Солнце всходит на востоке и заходит на западе.
Чтобы задать вопрос или образовать отрицательную форму, необходимы вспомогательные глаголы do, does.
Past Indefinite
To ask – asked To translate – translated Нестандартные глаголы образуют формы в Past Indefinite различными способами. Например:Future Indefinite
Формы глагола в Future Indefinite образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола will и инфинитива глагола без частицы to. Например:
They will go to the country tomorrow. Завтра они поедут за город.
С 1-м лицом единственного и множественного числа в британском варианте английского языка часто употребляется также глагол shall. В разговорной речи используется форма -'ll:
He'll make his report next week. Он сделает доклад на следующей неделе.
I shall be twenty-one next year. В будущем году мне будет 21 год.
Структура специальных вопросов
1. В специальных вопросах, относящихся к любому члену предложения (кроме подлежащего и его определения) и начинающихся с вопросительного слова, вспомогательный глагол стоит перед подлежащим, а основной глагол в форме инфинитива без частицы to сохраняет свое место после подлежащего.
| Вопросительные слова | Вспомогательный глагол | Подлежащее и определение к нему | Смысловой глагол в первой форме (V1) | Другие члены предложения, к которым не задается вопрос |
| What Where When | do did will | you he your sister | do go return | in the evening? yesterday? home? |
2. В вопросах, относящихся к подлежащему или его определению, само вопросительное слово является подлежащим или определением подлежащего, поэтому полностью сохраняется порядок слов утвердительного предложения:
Who knows his address?
Who will help you with this work?
Whose father worked as a doctor?
Ответы на вопросы
1. Ответ на общий вопрос обычно бывает кратким:
Do you know German? Yes, I do. No, I don't.
Did he study German at school? Yes, he did. No, he didn't.
Will they come tomorrow? Yes, they will. No, they won't.
2. Специальный вопрос требует полного, развернутого ответа:
What language did you study at school? -1 studied English.
Where does your mother work? - She is a school teacher.
What will they do after work? - They will go home.
3. Специальный вопрос к подлежащему, как правило, требует краткого ответа:
Who will help them? -I will.
Who saw her yesterday? - We did.
Who translates articles from English journals? - I do.
Grammar exercises:
1. Complete the sentences. Use these verbs:
boil close cost cost like like meet open speak teach wash
1 Margaret speak four languages.
2 In Britain the banks usually ...... . .............................. at 9.30 in the morning.
3 The City Museum ................................................ at 5 o'clock in the evening.
4 Tina is a teacher. She......................................mathematics to young children.
5 My job is very interesting. I ................................... a lot of people.
6 Peter ............................................. his hair twice a week.
7 Food is expensive. It ......................................a lot of money.
8 Shoes are expensive. They .............................a lot of money.
9 Water................................................. at 100 degrees Celsius.
10 Julia and I are good friends. I .......................her and she ........................... me.
Write sentences from these words. Put the verb in the right form
1 (always / early / Sue / arrive) Sue always arrives early. 2 (basketball / I / play / often)… 3 (work / Margaret / hard / usually) .........................................Put the verb in the correct form - positive, negative or question.
1 We went to the cinema but the film wasn't very good. We didn't enjoy it. (enjoy) 2 Tim.......................................some new clothes yesterday - two… 3 .................................................yesterday? No, it was a nice day. (rain)Learn the vocabulary.
Invention – изобретение Vacuum tube – вакуумная трубка, электронная лампа Device – прибор, устройствоRead and translate the text.
Electronics in the home
The invention of the transistor in 1947 meant that much smaller, low-powered devices could be developed. A wide variety of electronic devices such… It was not until 1958 that microelectronics began with the 10 development of… Microprocessors are now used to control many household items such 15 as automatic washing-machines, dishwashers,…Choose the verbs in Present Tense
I They employ; 2. They employed; 3. They will employ; I He obtains; 5. He will obtain; 6. He obtained; 7. He does not compare; 8. He did not compare; 9. He will not compare; 10. They have; 11. He has; 12. They had; 13. They will have; 14. There are; 15. There were; 16. There was; There will be; 18. There is.
Choose the verbs in Past Tense
I They showed; 2. They show; 3. They will show; 4. She will describe; 5. She described; 6. She describes; 7. It does not operate; 8. It did not operate; 9. It will not operate; 10. We had; 11. She has; 12. He will have; 13. They have; 14. There was; 15. There is; 16. There are; 17. There were; 18.There will be
Choose the verbs in Future Tense
1.The cathode repels; 2. The cathode will repel; 3. The cathode repelled; 4. The anode attracted; 5. The anode attracts. 6. The anode will attract; 7. There will be; 8. There are; 9. There was; 10. There is; 11. There were; 12. It will operate; 13. We shall have; 14. The scientist will have 15. They had; 16. It has; 17. It will have
Translate the definitions.
Cathode (in electron tubes) is the electrode from which emission takes place. Diodeis a device that permits a current to flow through it in only one… Rectifier is a device used for the process of rectification.Read and translate
DIODES
We can define electronics as the study of conduction of electricity in a vacuum, in gases and in semiconductors. The conduction of electricity in a vacuum, for example, occurs in vacuum tubes. Though in some vacuum tubes current flows from one element to the other through a gas.
Every vacuum tube diode has a cathode with a heater and a plate. When the circuit is completed the cathode emits electrons. Negative voltage on the cathode repels the electrons. Positive voltage on the plate attracts the electrons. The current flows through the tube. If a negative voltage is applied to the plate current does not flow. Thus, a diode permits current to flow in only one direction.
A semiconductor diode also conducts current in one direction, but the physical principles, which permit it to do this are different. Diodes are used as rectifiers of alternating voltages, as detectors of radio signals, as switching devices, etc.
Оборот There is/ are
Если в русском языке предложение начинается с обстоятельства места ( где?), то в английском языке оно начинается с оборота there is/ are. Например:
На заводе много рабочих. – There are many workers at the plant.
И наоборот:
There is a good machine-tool in the work-shop.—В цехе есть хороший станок.
Translate international words
Nouns - crystal, group, helium, radiation, radium, valence, uranium
Adjectives - central, covalent, cubic, periodic, vertical, economic(al)
Verbs - group, radiate, vibrate, bond.
Translate
Learn the vocabulary. control [kon'troul] управление; управлять decrease n - уменьшение, decrease v - уменьшатьFind English equivalent
ниже— 1. low; 2. lower; 3. the lowest
самый высокий— 1. the highest; 2. higher; 3. high
ближе— 1. closer; 2. close; 3. the closest Г. мало— 1. few; 2. fewer; 3. a few
самый хороший— 1. the best; 2. better; 3. good
много— 1. much; 2. more; 3. the most
больше — 1. much; 2. more; 3. the most
легче, проще— 1. easier; 2. the easiest; 3. Easy
Lesson 2
Глаголы в формах Continuous употребляются, когда требуется подчеркнуть, что действие продолжается, продолжалось или будет продолжаться в то время,… Present Continuous (Active и Passive) употребляется для выражения длительного… Active PassiveExercises
Write questions from these words. Use is or are and put the words in order.
1 (working / Paul / today?) Is Paul working today?
2 (what / doing / the children?) What are the children doin?
3 (you / listening / to me?)............................................................
4 (where / going / your friends?)...................................................
5 (your parents / television / watching?).......................................
6 (what / cooking / Ann?)..............................................................
7 (why / you / looking / at me?)....................................................
8 (coming / the bus?)....................................................................
Write questions from these words. Use is or are and put the words in order.
1 (working / Paul / today?) Is Paul working today? 2 (what / doing / the children?) What are the children doing? 3 (you / listening / to me?)............................................................Put the verb into the past continuous or past simple.
1 A: What were you doing (you/do) when the phone rang (ring)? B: I was watching (watch) television. 2 A: Was Jane busy when you went to see her?Words to Be Learnt
considerable a — значительный copper n — медь desirable a — нужныйRead and translate
BETTER METALS ARE VITAL TO TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS Since the earliest days the preparation of metals for mechanical use was vital to the advance of civilization.Read and translate
PYROELECTRIC SENSOR CONSTRUCTION
To attain excellent sensitivity in a pyroelectric sensor, it is essential to make the pyroelectric element thin enough for a low-heat capacity. The… A pyroelectric infra-red sensor is using a conductive bonding agent to fix… .Lesson 3
МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ СЛОВА IT, ONE(ONES), THAT(THOSE)
ФУНКЦИИ И ПЕРЕВОД СЛОВА ONE (ONES)
One never knows what he can do. - Никогда не знаешь, что он может сделать. One в форме притяжательного падежа переводится на русский язык местоимением… One should always keep one's word. - Надо всегда держать свое слово.Многофункциональность местоимения it.
Личное (подлежащее, дополнение).
Repeat the experiment. It is very important. - Повторите опыт. Он очень важен.
Your solution is correct. - Ваше решение правильно.
Explain it, please. - Объясните его, пожалуйста.
Указательное (подлежащее).
What is this? It is a new device. - Что это? Это новый прибор.
Безличное (подлежащее).
It is 3 o'clock. - Три часа.
It is cold in the laboratory. - В лаборатории холодно.
It seems this substance has desirable properties. - Кажется, это вещество обладает нужными свойствами.
It is said that he is an experienced engineer. - Говорят, что он опытный инженер.
It is difficult to explain this phenomenon. - Трудно объяснить это явление.
Усилительное (для выделения отдельных членов предложения).
Exercises: 1. Put in it is (it's) or is it.Complete the sentences. Choose from the boxes.
1. If you go to bed late, ...it’s difficult to get up early...in the… 2. Hello, Jill. ................................................................................ How are you?Learn the vocabulary
bond [bond] связь
create [kri:'eit] создавать, creation создание
due to - благодаря (чему-то)
either - любой
either ... or – либо…либо; или…или
employ - использовать
equip [i'kwip] оборудовать equipment оборудование
lattice - решетка
quantity - количество
phenomenon – явление, phenomena(pl) - явления
pure - чистый, без примеси impure с примесью
impurity - примесь
relative – относительный, relatively - относительно
should - следует (совет) It should be added Следует добавить
similar - подобный
solid - твердое тело; твердый
table - таблица
force n - сила
represent - изображать, представлять
state - состояние
perform - выполнять
as follows - следующие, как следует ниже
compound – соединение
Read and translate
Classifying Materials
There are many ways of classifying materials. The one we shall use here is based on the ability of a material to conduct electricity. It is known… Notes 1. it should be realized — следует учестьTranslate the following international words
association, centre, characteristic, colleague, conference, contact, cooperation, fundamentals, international, mass, neutron, orbit, proton, reaction, reactor, specialist, sphere, synthetics, system, technician, theory, university, valency = valence;
biology, geology, medicine, physics;
characteristic, chemical, electrical, electronic, elementary, experimental, fundamental, official, practical, socialist, theoretical, unique;
experimentally, fundamentally, officially, practically, theoretically;
cooperate, orbit, theorize, contact.
Read and translate.
The Simplest Atom
The simplest atom is that of the element hydrogen and it consists merely of a single proton in a nucleus and a single electron in orbit around it.… Note:Lesson 4
ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT ACTIVE И PASSIVE
Глаголы в формах Perfect указывают, что действие закончено или закончится к определенному моменту времени в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем. Глаголы в формах Perfect обычно (хотя и не всегда) переводятся на русский язык…ВРЕМЕНА ГРУППЫ PERFECT CONTINUOUS
to have been + Participle I
Времена группы Perfect Continuous выражают длительное действие и переводятся на русский язык глаголом несовершенного вида в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени соответственно.
Времена группы Perfect Continuous образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующей форме Present, Past или Future Perfect и Participle I смыслового глагола.
Отрицательная и вопросительная формы образуются так же, как и в других сложных временах.
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
have+ been + Participle I
has
Present Perfect Continuous выражает длительное действие, начавшееся до момента речи и все еще продолжающееся в момент речи. Present Perfect Continuous переводится на русский язык глаголом в настоящем времени часто с добавлением наречия уже:
Не has been working at Он работает над этой проблемой
this problem for two years. уже два года.
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
had been + Participle I
Past Perfect Continuous выражает длительное действие, протекавшее до указанного момента в прошлом и часто продолжавшееся и после этого момента:
We had been conducting this experiment for two hours before you came.
Мы проводили этот опыт в течение двух часов, до того как вы пришли.
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
will Future Perfect Continuous выражает длительное будущее действие, которое…Read the situations and complete the sentences.
2 We started waiting for the bus 20 minutes ago. We're still waiting now. … 3 I started Spanish classes in December. I'm still learning Spanish now.Read the situations and write sentences ending with before. Use the verb given in brackets.
1 The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight.
(fly)... He had never flown, before. OR He hadn't flown before.
2 A woman walked into the room. She was a complete stranger to me.
(see) I.................................................................................................before.
3 Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn't very good at it because it was his first game.
(play) He..............................................................................................................
4 Last year we went to Denmark. It was our first time there.
(be) We ................................................................................................................
Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets.
(I / work / hard all day) I had been working hard all day. 2 The two boys came into the house. They had a football and they were both… (they/play /…Put the verb into the correct form, will be (do)ing or will have (done).
2 Phone me after 8 o'clock........................................(we/finish) dinner by then. 3 Tomorrow afternoon we're going to play tennis from 3 o'clock until 4.30. So… 4 A: Can we meet tomorrow afternoon?Complete the sentences with a verb from the list.
1 Can I have this newspaper?' 'Yes, I've finished. with it.' 2 I..................................................some new shoes. Do you want to see them?Write questions with yet.
8. You are asking Helen questions beginning Have you ewer... ? Write the…Put in gone or been.
2 Where's Jill?' 'She's not here. I think she's.................................to the bank.' 3 Hello, Sue. Where have you......................................? Have… 4 Have you ever......................................to Mexico?' 'No, never.'Complete the sentences with for or since.
1 Jill is in Ireland now. She arrived there three days ago. …she has been there for three days...
2 Jack is here. He arrived here on Tuesday. He has…………………………
3 It's raining. It started an hour ago. It's been……………………………….
4 I know Sue. I first met Sue two years ago. I've……………………………
5 I have a camera. I bought it in 1989. I've…………………………………
6 They are married. They got married six months ago.
They've……………………………………………………………………………
7 Liz is studying medicine at university. She started three years ago.
She has……………………………………………………………………………
8 Dave plays the piano. He started when he was seven years old.
Dave has………………………………………………………………………….
Use the words in brackets (...) to answer the questions.
| Have you seen Ann? Have you started your new job? Have your friends arrived? Has Sarah gone away? Have you worn your new shoes? | (5 minutes ago) (last week) (at 5 o'clock) (on Friday) (yesterday) | …yes, I saw her 5 minutes ago... Yes, I................last week. Yes, they.......................... Yes,................................... Yes,................................... |
13. Right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong. (The verbs are underlined.)
| 1 I've lost my key. I can't find it. 2 Have you seen Ann yesterday? 3 I've finished my work at 2 o'clock. 4 I'm ready now. I've finished my work. 5 What time have you finished your work? 6 Sue isn't here. She's gone out. 7 Jim's grandmother has died in 1989. 8 Where have you been last night? | …Right… …Wrong: Did you see… ……………………………………… ……………………………………… ……………………………………... ……………………………………... ……………………………………… ……………………………………… |
Read and translate
MARIE CURIE AND THE DISCOVERY OF RADIUM
Marie Curie was born in Warsaw on 7 November, 1867. Her father was a teacher of science and mathematics in a school in the town, and from him little… In Paris Maria began a course of hard study and simple living. She determined… Among the many scientists Maria met and worked with in Paris was Pierre Curie. Pierre Curie, born in 1859 in Paris,…Read and translate nouns and adjectives.
Example: motion — движение; motionless — неподвижный.
limit — предел; limitless —...
wire — проволока; wireless —...
use — польза; useless —...
form — форма; formless —...
water — вода; waterless —
power — сила, энергия; powerless —. ..
time — время; timeless—...
4.Define the parts of speech:
1. combination, 2. carefully, 3. acceptor, 4. radioactivity, 5. negatively, 6. thermionic, 7. plentiful, 8. charged, 9. aquatic, 10. conductor, 11. conductivity, 12. simplification, 13. harmonic, 14. density, 15. capacitor, 16. thoughtful, 17. readily, 18. junction, 19. instantly, 20. acoustic, 21. positively, 22. carrier, 23. gasification, 24 carried, 25. static, 26. protection, 27. emitted, 28. gravimetric
Lesson 5
Modal Verbs (МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ)
Глаголы can, may, must являются модальными глаголами; они не обозначают действия, а выражают отношение к нему, т. е. возможность, вероятность или… Глагол can выражает возможность, способность и разрешение совершить действие и переводится на русский язык глаголами могу (может, можешь и т. д.), умею (умеет,…Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
Примечание: Отрицание not с глаголом сап пишется слитно: cannot. Для образования вопросительной формы модальный глагол ставится перед… She cannot translate thisЭквиваленты модальных глаголов.
У модальных глаголов can, may и must есть эквиваленты, которые употребляются наряду с соответствующими модальными глаголами и, кроме того, используются взамен отсутствующих временных форм этих модальных глаголов.
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
Глаголы should и ought употребляются для выражения морального долга или совета и переводятся должен, следует. Являясь модальным глаголом, should… Глагол ought употребляется во всех лицах единственного и множественного… Atom should serve peaceful purposes.COMPOUNDS AND ELEMENTS
Exercises
1. In scientific work we must measure in units of the metric system. 2. One should turn off the gas when one leaves home. 3. This part is very complex and the worker has to use special tools to cut it. to have to …A) were allowed; b) will be able; c) have; d) were able; e) were
4. Замените эквивалент соответствующим модальным глаголом из данных ниже:
27. They are allowed to replace the old equipment.
28. They have to replace the old equipment.
29. They were able to replace the old equipment.
A) must; b) could; c) may; d) might
Translate
Fill in the gaps
7. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to be и to have. 1. Mathematics isof great importance for engineers. Every technical student is… 2. The accuracy of these automatic machines isvery high. These machines are toreplace the old equipment of our shop. …Lesson 6
Страдательный залог
Страдательный залог показывает, что подлежащее пассивно, т. е. оно… Страдательный залог широко употребляется для научных описаний, для описаний технических процессов, в отчетах,…Особенности перевода подлежащего.
The house was built by Дом (им. п.) был построен a new method. новым методом. Не was seen in the laboratory Его (вин. п.) видели в лабораторииТаблица времен Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect
The Passive Voice (пассивный залог)
| Indefinite (to be + Participle II) | Continuous (to be +being + Participle II) | Perfect (to have +been+ Participle II) | |
| Present | The letter is translated Is the letter translated The letter isn't translated | The letter is being translated Is the letter being translated The letter isn't being translated | The letter has been translated Has the letter been translated The letter hasn't been translated |
| Past | The letter was translated Was the letter translated The letter wasn't translated | The letter was being translated Was the letter being translated' The letter wasn't being translated | The letter had been translated Had the letter been translated The letter hadn't been translated |
| Future | The letter will be translated Will the letter be translated The letter won't be translated | The letter will have been translated Will the letter have been translated? The letter won't have been translated |
Write questions using the passive. Some are present and some are past.
1 Ask about the telephone. (when/invent?) ...When was the telephone invented?...
2 Ask about glass, (how/make?) How........................................................
3 Ask about Australia, (when/discover?) ...................................................
4 Ask about silver, (what/use for?) ............................................................
5 Ask about television, (when/invent?) .....................................................
Write sentences from the words in brackets (...). Sentences 1-7 are present.
1. (the office / clean / every day) …The office is cleaned every day…
2. (these rooms / clean / every day?) …Are these rooms cleaned every day……
3. (glass / make / from sand) Glass……………………………………………
4. (stamps / sell / in a post office) ……………………………………………
5. (this room / not / use / very often) ……………………………………………
6. (we / allow / to park here?) ……………………………………………
7. (how / this word / pronounce?) ……………………………………………
Sentences 8-1 5 are past.
8. (the office / clean / yesterday) …The office was cleaned yesterday…
9. (the house / paint / last month) The house…………………………………….
10. (three people / injure / in the accident) ………………………………
11. (my bicycle / steal / a few days ago) ………………………………
12. (when / this bridge / build?) ………………………………
13. (you / invite / to the party last week?) ………………………………
14. (how / these windows / break?) ………………………………
15. (I / not / wake up / by the noise) ……………………………….
Correct these sentences.
2. Football plays in most countries of the world. ………………………… 3. Why did the letter send to the wrong address? ………………………… 4. A garage is a place where cars repair. …………………………Use the words in brackets (...) to complete the sentences.
1. I can't use my office at the moment. It …is being painted… (paint)
2. We didn't go to the party. We...weren't invited...(not/invite).
3. The washing machine was broken but it's OK now. It...........................(repair).
4. The washing machine..............................................(repair) yesterday afternoon.
6. How old are these houses? When.....................................................(they/build)?
7. A: ................................................................(the computer / use) at the moment?
B: Yes, Jim is using it.
8. I've never seen these flowers before. What........................................(they/call)?
9. Some trees....................................................(blow) down in the storm last night.
10. The bridge is closed at the moment. It..................................................(damage) last week and it................................(not/repair) yet.
Learn the vocabulary
consist (of) состоять (из)
contain содержать, container контейнер
divide (into) - делить (на)
inner - внутренний
nucleus - ядро, nuclei - ядра , nuclear - ядерный
outer - внешний
possible - возможный, impossible - невозможный, possibly - возможно, possibility - возможность
several - несколько,
shell – оболочка, ,
substance - вещество,
Read and translate
Matter
Matter consists of one or more elements. Elements are substances that cannot be divided into other substances. An atom is the smallest particle of an element, which has all the properties of the element and can take part in chemical reactions.
In each atom there is a nucleus, containing a number of protons (each proton has a positive electrical charge) and a number of neutrons, having no electrical charge. The nucleus is surrounded by a number of electrons. Each electron has a negative electrical charge. The electrons orbit around the nucleus. An atom has as many protons as it has electrons. This results in a zero electrical charge of the atom. Electrons orbit around the nucleus in one of the several possible orbits. These orbits are called shells.
In a silicon atom there are fourteen protons in the nucleus. Fourteen electrons orbit around the nucleus in three orbits. The first or inner shell contains two electrons and cannot hold any more electrons. In the second shell there are eight electrons. It cannot hold additional electrons either. In the third shell there are only four electrons. This shell can hold more electrons. The outer shell of any atom is called its valence shell. The number of electrons in the valence shell is known as the valency of the atom.
Read and translate
CONDUCTORS, SEMICONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
Materials can be classed in three groups according to their electrical properties — conductors, semiconductors and insulators. Metals such as silver , copper, and aluminium have many free electrons. This makes it easy for current to flow through them. Therefore, these metals are called conductors.
Materials such as glass , rubber , and many plastics have practically no free electrons. This makes it very difficult for current to flow through them. These materials are known as insulators and are used in many fields ranging from the covering on conductors to the dielectric in capacitors .
Read and translate
Bands were playing and the gentlemen in hats were preparing to make speeches about their great achievement. They made the first underground railway… It was the year 1863 and on that first historic day 30,000 Londoners used this… In the early days the trains were driven by steam locomotives which burnt coal.Find in the text Passive constructions.
3. Translate words with prefix 'super-', Which in Russian means 'сверх-', 'пере-', 'супер-', 'ультра-'.
conductivity — проводимость; superconductivity —... heated — нагретый; superheated —. .. tension — напряжение; supertension —. .. cooling — охлаждение; supercooling —. .. critical — критический; supercritical —. .. efficiency — эффективность; superefficiency —. .. saturation — насыщение; supersaturation —. .. sensitive — чувствительный; supersensitive —. .. sound — звук; supersound —. ..
4. Translate:
hard — твердый, крепкий; harden —...
strength — прочность, сила; strengthen —...
broad — широкий; broaden —...
wide — широкий; widen —...
tight — плотный; tighten —…
rough — неровный, грубый; roughen —...
Lesson 7
Future-in-the-Past (Будущее в прошедшем)
Он будет лечиться в Крыму. В 1941 году мы были уверены, что победа будет за нами. В обоих предложениях мы видим «будет», хотя в первом случае речь идет о реальном будущем, а во втором случае – об…Revision Exercises
I. Оборот there + to be 1.There were several empty seats in the bus when I got into it. 2. There is a… II. Степени сравнения прилагательныхGrammar Tables
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК В ТАБЛИЦАХ
Имя существительное (The Noun)
Образование множественного числа
| Образование | Произношение | |||||
| -S | ship — ships | [s] после глухих согласных звуков основы | ||||
| bay — bays vessel - vessels | [z] после гласных и звонких согласных звуков основы | |||||
| -es | class — classes college — colleges watch — watches | [iz] после шипящих и свистящих согласных звуков основы | ||||
| Исключения: man — men foot — feet woman — women tooth — teeth child — children | ||||||
Существительные, имеющие разные значения в форме ед. и мн. числа
Существительные, употребляющиеся только В единственном числе Во множественном числе …Артикль (The Article)
Употребление определенного артикля с именами собственными …Имя прилагательное (The Adjective)
Образование степеней сравнения
| Наречия | Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень |
| Односложные наречия (а также наре-чие early) | late fast early | -er later faster earlier | -est latest fastest earliest |
| Многосложные наречия | often slowly | more often more slowly | most often most slowly |
  Исключения:
| well badly much little far | better worse more less farther further | best worst most least farthest furthest |
Местоимение (The Pronoun)
-thing -body -where -one some something что-то что-нибудь … Имя числительное (the Numeral)Глагол (The Verb)
Спряжение глагола to ask (страдательный залог) Время …Предлоги, обозначающие движение
| to в, к, на | Let's go to the cinema. When will the ship come to the port? Have they returned to Odessa? H o: to go (come, return) home to come (return) here to go there | |
| from из, с, у, от | When did you come from Moscow? The wind is from the North. Take this book from Peter. | |
| into в (внутрь) | Put the book into the bag. | |
| out of из (изнутри) | Take the book out of the bag. |
Предлоги, обозначающие место
| at на, у, в | The cadets are at the lesson. I am sitting at the table. I study at the Maritime College. |
| in в, на | The book is in the bag. I live in Sedov Street. |
| On на | The map is on the wall. |
Предлоги, обозначающие время
Падеж Предлоги Примеры Родительный Дательный Творительный …Словообразование (Word Formation)
Суффиксы
Приставки
Список некоторых географических названий Continents Континенты Africa North America South …Названия некоторых стран, национальностей и языков
Appendix 2
List of abbreviations
А.С. = (a.c.) = alternating current = переменный ток a.f. = audio frequency = звуковая частота A.F.C. = automatic frequency control = автоматическая подстройка частоты (АПЧ)Synonyms
To get – to obtain, to reach, to gain
To occur – to happen, to take place
Flow – stream
To apply – to use, to utilize, to consume
Substance – matter
Device – instrument, appliance, gadget
Big – huge, enormous, great
Quick – rapid
Different -- variable
To start – to begin
Opposites
To increase – to decrease
To attract – to repel
To heat – to cool
Inner – outer
Constant – variable
Similar -- different
To start – to finish, to terminate, to end, to complete
Derivatives
To operate – operator, operation, operative
To insulate – insulator, insulation
To produce – producer, production, product, productive, productivity
Science – scientific, scientist
To conduct – conduction, conductor, conductivity, superconductivity, semiconductor
To develop – development
Direct – direction, directly
Power – powerful
Supplementary Reading
Computers have revolutionized manufacturing. They have given manufacturing… Because of computers tasks are done more quickly and accurately. It enables engineers to make changes or corrections…FROM DICTIONARIES OF ELECTRONICS
A TRIODE is an electron tube with three electrodes namely a cathode, control grid and anode. This was the first amplifying tube and was invented by… A GRID is an electrode placed between the cathode and the anode of an electron… An ELECTRON TUBE is a general term for an evacuated or gas-filled envelope, containing electrodes and in which…IN RETRO STYLE
Strange as it may seem,1 but early in this century electric bulbes lasted longer a than now. The secret is simple — a direct current was used at that time for lighting (освещение). Direct current helped to wear out refractory metal less. This suggested American engineers the idea to return to the old principle but naturally on a modern basis. They developed a bulb with the filament to which a miniature circuit with a diode was successively hooked up.3 This diode converts standard alternating current (AC) into pulsating constant current (DC). The losses of lighting power are compensated by a mirror reflector, installed as close as possible to the spiral bulb, and the bulb's service life has increased 80 times.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ
1 as it may seem — как может показаться
2 lasted longer — служили дольше
3was successively hooked up — был подключен последовательно
THE TWO SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
The two semiconductor materials used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, such as diodes and transistors, are germanium and silicon. Both… In its solid state silicon forms crystals of the diamond type, i, e. it forms… ПРИМЕЧАНИЯSEMICONDUCTORS
Semiconductors are solids whose resistivity lies between those : of electrical conductors and insulators. Semiconductors are used in computers, in… Semiconductor devices perform many control functions. They may be used as… 1. Semiconductors are small and light in weight.– Конец работы –
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